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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1. Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes: Multicellular hetertrophic eukaroytes: What does that mean? Are there exceptions to this? Compare plants and fungi on these categories
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they are all this. they cannont synthesize thier own organic molecules (plants do that.they are different from fungi b/c they digest thier food only after it is ingested
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their cells lack cell walls.what about plants and fungi?
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plants- cellulose, fungi- chitin
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what are thier bodies held together by? example..
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structural proteins ex. collagen
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animals have defined body plans: what does this mean?
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tissue develops from embryonic layers
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what are HOX genes?
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all animals and only animals have, they highly conserved gene family and are developmental genes
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most animals reproduce sexually and the dploid stage dominates: Compare to fungi and plants.
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usualy a small flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger nonmotile egg in animals.
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what are 2 specific types of tissue only found in animals?
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nervous and muscle
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what is the common ancestor of animals? what is the evidenc?
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choanoflagellates. choanocytes of sponges are almost indistinguisable form modern choanoflagellates. similar cells are in cnidarains, flatworms and echinoderms. dna sequence homology sipports relatedness
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describe embryonic development
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the fertilized egg undergoes cleavage, a blastula (hollow ball) is usually formed, then gastrulation occurs.
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which process of embryonic development produces 2 tissue layers?
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gastrulation- the embryo arragnes so that one end folds inward. Ectoderm and endoderm
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what symmetry is when parts of the animal radiate from the center, and any cut through the center divides the animal into mirror images? give examples
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radial , sessile animals and drifiting (jellyfish)
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what symmetry is 2 sided and only one cut divides the animal into mirror image halves, a dorsal and vental side, left and right side, anterior and posterior end? what do most of these animals have?
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bilateral. central nervous systems which allows for coordiantaion.
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do all animals have symmetry?
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no, sponges lack it
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what is it called when animals have sensory equpiment located in the anterior end and a central nervous system (brain)?
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cephalization
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what are animals with 3 tissue layers called? what symmetry do they have?
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triploblasts, bilateral
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what are animals with 2 tissuelayers? give example
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diploblasts, jellies and corals
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what tissue layer forms muscles, and other organs between the digestive tract and outer covering?Is this in all animals?
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mesoderm, no
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what tissue layerlines the digestive tract and gives rise to organs derived from it? give examples
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endoderm, liver and lung
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what is the name give to sponges because they have true tissue (collections of specialized cells isolated from other cells by membranous layer)?
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basal animals
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what is the outer covring called?
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ectoderm
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when do layers develop?
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during gastrulation
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what is a body cavity called?
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coelom
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what is the advantage of having a coelom?
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its fluid cushions suspended organs so it minimizes internal injuries. it allows for growth andmovement of internal organs and in soft bodied coelomates, its fluid acts like a skelton
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what are triploblastic animals that possess a body cavity called?
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coelomates
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what are triploblastic animals that have a body cavity onnly partially lined with mesoderm called?
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pseudocoelomates
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what is the name for animals that lack a body cavity?
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acoelomates
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what type of cleavage does protostome development have?
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spiral cleavage0 the plane of the cell division is diagonal to the vertical axis. Most have determinant cleavge- the postion in the 8 cell embryo determines its fate irreversibley
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what type of cleavage does deutrosome development have?
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its perpendicular to the vertical axis. Most have interdeterminant cleavage- any of the 8 cells could become a complete embryo
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in gastrulation what is the growin pouch called?
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archenteron
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how is the coelom formed in protosomes?
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solid masses of mesoderm split at the base of the archentron to form the coelom
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how is the coelom formed in deuterostomes?
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the mesoderm buds from the top of the archenteron to from the coelom
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what is the indentation during gastrulation that leads to the formation of the archenteron?
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blastopore
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in protosomes what does the blastopore become?
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the mouth
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in deutrosomes what does the blastopore become?
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anus
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what aspects of animal phylogeny are well accepted?
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all animals share a common ancestor. sponges are the simplest animals, eumetazoans are in a clade, most animals are bilaterians, deuterostome development also defines a clade (chordates and others are in this clade).
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what are sone differences between the two trees prsented in the text?
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one is based mostly on morphology and development. the other is base on DNA evidence
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