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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the monomer unit of DNA and RNA
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nucleotide
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Nucleotides contain what three things?
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nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
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By nitrogenous base it just means that it contains ______?
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nitrogen
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the only 2 organic molecules that contain nitrogen are:
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nucleic acids and proteins
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DNA was discovered by?
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James D. Watson and Francis Crick with Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
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DNA's structure is what?
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a double-stranded helix
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DNA is made up of 2 ______ chains.
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polynucleotide (many nucleotides)
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DNA is joined with ____ bonds between bases?
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hydrogen
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The base pairs in DNA?
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Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine pairs with Cytosine
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DNA replication is ______ meaning that the new helix has 1 old strand and 2 new?
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semiconservative
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In DNA replication, the 2 strands _____ and each strand is used as a _____ to produce a new strand?
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separate, pattern
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DNA replication happens _____ to cell division? New strands form on the ______?
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prior, inside
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In DNA replication, DNA unwinds to produce a ____?
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bubble
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DNA Replication proceeds in _____ directions?
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both
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DNA replication occurs in _____ directions because of the way the two strands complement one another?
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opposite
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_______ make DNA replication happen?
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Proteins
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_______ have a special shape that makes them suited to one things only. There was a protein for each job in DNA replication.
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Proteins
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Proteins involved in DNA replication and their purpose:
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DNA polymerase (enzyme)- adds nucleotides to a growing chain.
DNA ligase joins small fragments into a continuous chain. |
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein
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gene
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DNA is ______ into RNA.
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transcribed (copied)
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RNA is _______ into protein?
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translated
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Proteins determine the ______ of an organism? (how fast, slow metabolism is, etc)
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phenotype
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DNA Transcription occurs inside the ____ and forms ____ which is then translated into _____?
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nucleus, RNA, proteins
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Protein construction involves the conversion of a _____ sequence to an ______ sequence?
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nucleotide, amino acid
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Transcription rewrites _____ code into _____.
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DNA, RNA
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3 nucleotides is also known as a _____?
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codon
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Each codon is = to ____?
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an amino acid
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There are ____ codons possible?
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64
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Some amino acids have _____ codons?
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more than one
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____ codons correspond to amino acids. There are ___ stop codons that signal the end of translation.
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61, 3
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____ signals the start of transcription?
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AUG
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There is _____ with codons, meaning that there is more than one codon for some amino acids.
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redundance
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Stages of Transcription and what happens in them?
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1. Initiation- RNA polymerase bonds to a promoter.
2. Elongation- RNA nucleotides are added. 3. Termination- RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon & detaches from the template strand. |
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What is the difference in RNA with the base pairs?
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Adenine pairs with uracil instead of thymine.
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A _____ codon marks the start of an mRNA message?
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initiation
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_____ brings together the components needed to begin RNA synthesis?
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Initiation
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mRNA bonds to _____ at the start proton?
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a small ribosome
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The addition of amino acids to the polypeptide chain?
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Elongation
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Three steps of Elongation and what happens in them?
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1.Codon recognition- next tRNA binds to the mRNA
2. Peptide bond formation- joining of new amino acids 3. Translocation- tRNA is released from the ribosome and a new amino acid/tRNA combination move in and takes its place |
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Three forms of RNA
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Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomes
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____ RNA codons for protein sequences?
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Messenger
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In Messenger RNA there is _____ instead of thymine.
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uracil
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_____ RNA matches an amino acid codon to a mRNA codon.
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Transfer
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Transfer RNA brings in the ______?
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amino acids
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Transfer RNA works with ____ and the _____? All three of these also work together during _____.
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mRNA, ribosome, translation
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Ribosomes are _____ (shape)?
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Globular
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Getting the DNA code from the nucleus via the RNA and using that pattern to create the protein that makes you specifically you?
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Translation
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change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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mutation
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replacement of one nucleotide with another
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base substitutions
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alter the reading frame of the mRNA so that nucleotides are grouped into different codons
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deletions or insertions
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Mutations can be ______, which means that they are due to errors in DNA replication or recombination or induced by _____.
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spontaneous, mutagens
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In high energy radiation, the shorter the wavelength, _____?
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the more damaging it is to your cell Ex: UV, gamma --> moves nucleotides around
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____ enzymes go up DNA and try to fix it
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Repair Enzymes
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The only way that mutations are passed on to offspring is if the ____ and the _____ are mutated. The mutations that happen in ____ cells aren't passed on to other generations.
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egg, sperm, somatic
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Genetic material (DNA/RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
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Viruses
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_____ proteins (in the tail fibers) binds to receptors on a host's target cell.
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Viral
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With most viruses, the ______ cell is destroyed, and newly replicated viruses are released to continue the infection.
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host
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Two types of reproductive cycles in viruses?
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1. Lytic cycle
2. Lysogenic cycle |
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Why aren't viruses considered alive?
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They can't reproduce without a host cell.
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In the _____ cycle, viral parts are produced using host organelles. The host lyses, breaks down and viruses are released which makes their own proteins instead of your own.
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Lytic
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In the _____ cycle, Viral DNA is inserted into the host chromosome. Viral DNA is duplicated during mitosis along with the host chromosome.
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Lysogenic
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_____ signals can switch a virus from the lysogenic cycle to the lytic cycle.
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Environmental
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a virus that infects a bacteria
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phage
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Once it's inside the cell and part of the chromosome is incorporated into the host DNA is known as?
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prophage
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DNA and RNA have a ________ backbone?
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sugar-phosphate
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There is ____bonding between the phosphate and the sugar?
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covalent
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