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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Darwin gave us the idea of:
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evolution
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Evolution
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change.
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When Darwin did his work, he did realize that evolution was linked to _______.
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inheritance
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Darwin was at a disadvantage because he did not have any knowledge of _______.
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genetics
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Darwin was never able to satisfactorily explain ______.
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how traits are passed to offspring
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Darwin couldn't understand ____.
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the sudden appearance of some traits
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The Austrian monk and mathematics teacher who discovered genetics
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Mendel
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Mendel used _____ to discover genetics.
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garden peas
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Garden peas have __ chromosomes.
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7
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Independent assortment
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What you get when traits are on separate chromosomes and are not linked. Mendel studied these kinds of traits. Whatever.
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Mendel's experiements with genetics resulted in a __ to __ ratio for each trait.
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3 to 1
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Mendel published his results in ___.
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1866.
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Mendel is also credited as the first person to use ____.
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statistical analysis
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Mendel's work in genetics went unappreciated or undiscovered until ___.
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1900
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Was Mendel alive to see his work accepted?
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No. He had died 16 years earlier.
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True or false: Mendel said that traits were passed from parents through offspring.
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True
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Who worked on corn genetics?
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Barbara McClintock
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Barbara McClintock worked on a phenomenon called ______.
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jumping genes
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What are jumping genes?
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Genes that move from one place to the next, instead of staying fixed on the loci of the chromosome
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Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize for her work on
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jumping genes
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Population
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an interbreeding group or organisms of the species at the same place, at the same time
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In a population, organisms are unified and identified by the _____.
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gene pool
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Gene pool
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the sum total of all the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in the population
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In terms of the age of the earth, people are in the gene pool for a very ___ period of time
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short
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Evolution
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any change in the frequency of alleles in a gene pool from one generation to the next
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Evolution works on:
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the extent of variation within organisms
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For evolution to occur, ____ must exist.
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variation
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Artificial selection
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man decides what to breed and what not to (ex: cross-breeding lilies)
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Artificial seletion can show the ___ in offpsring.
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variety
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What is an example of the results of artificial selection?
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Dog breeds
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_______ is selection that is brought on by nature.
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Natural selection
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The ____ organism is selected in natural selection.
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whole
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In artificial selection, humans can _______.
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pick and choose traits
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Four events that change the frequency of alleles:
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mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating
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mutations
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Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously
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_______ is selection that is brought on by nature.
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Natural selection
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Four events that change the frequency of alleles:
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mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating
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True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.
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False
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In artificial selection, humans can _______.
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pick and choose traits
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True or false: If a mutation makes a dramatic change in the phenotype, then it's generally harmful.
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True
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The ____ organism is selected in natural selection.
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whole
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True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.
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False
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mutations
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Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously
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Name things that can cause mutations.
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X-rays
Ultraviolet rays Radioactive compounds Sprays Pesticides |
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mutations
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Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously
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Each new human carries __ new mutations.
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2
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True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.
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False
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There are 6 billion people in the world, so that makes about __ billion new mutations.
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12 billion
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gene flow
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the movement of alleles into and out of the population.
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There are 6 billion people in the world, so that makes about __ billion new mutations.
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12 billion
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gene flow
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the movement of alleles into and out of the population.
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There are 6 billion people in the world, so that makes about __ billion new mutations.
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12 billion
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Four events that change the frequency of alleles:
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mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating
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True or false: If a mutation makes a dramatic change in the phenotype, then it's generally harmful.
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True
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Gene flow does what?
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Introduces new alleles or changes gene frequency
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The Founder Effect
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when a small population breaks off from a larger popuation. It may not be genetically representative of the larger group. It increases in size and becomes a different population.
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Genetic drift
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can change the evolutionary process
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mutations
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Changes in a gene that occur spontaneously
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True or false: We can predict which genes will mutate.
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False
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Genetic drift
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can change the evolutionary process
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Population bottleneck
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When a population is drastically reduced in numbers by something other than natural selection
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Northern Elephant Seal
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killed off. Almost extinct. Laws passed to protect them. Now numbers in 30,000. Genes are different.
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Polymorphism
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two phenotypically distinct forms coexist in the same ?
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Female choice
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female decides who to mate with
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How do we preserve and promote variety?
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Sexual reproduction
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Diploidy
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a major factor in preserving variablility. It refers to individuals having two sets of chromosomes.
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Ecology
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The study of the interrelationships between organisms and thier physical environment and with each other.
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___ are the biggest enemies of alligators.
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Alligators.
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An ecologist studies:
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the natural world and anything in it, not necessarily living organisms. They could study water in relation to fish or soil. Study any level of nature.
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Individual level of ecology
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a certain organism
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Population level of ecology
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primary level of study
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Communities
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groups of populations of different species at the same place and time
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Ecosystems
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interactions between all organisms in communities and with their nonliving environment
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Biosphere (ecosphere)
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highest level of study; sum total of al the planet's ecosystems. Thin layer around Earth where organisms live. The whole earth can be called and ecosphere.
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Living components
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biotic
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Nonliving components
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abiotic
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Abiotic factors
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chemical or physical feature of the environment (water, light, temperature, oxygen, substrate)
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Biotic factors
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all living organisms
plants bacteria fungi animals algae man etc. |
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Population dynamics
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The number of organisms within any given population
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Only about __ % of sea turtles live to maturity.
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1%
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properties studied in populations
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patterns of population growth
patterns of mortality age structure density dispersion reproductive potential caring capacity |
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age structure
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how many people live in each group
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density
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the number of individuals per unit area or volume
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dispersion
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the two- or three-dimensional arrangement of organisms. any level -- up, down, whatever.
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Exponential growth
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when full reproductive material is achieved.
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True or false: Most organisms have high reproductive potential that is usually not achieved.
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true
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Carrying capacity
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the number of people an area can support
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Humans are increasing ___.
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exponentially
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Logistics growth
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gradually starts out and increases, but slows as the object reaches carrying capacity
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Density-independent factors
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disease
environmental disasters |
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Density-dependent factors
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availability of food, water, shelter
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Three types of organisms:
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producers
consumers decomposers |
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Herbivores eat:
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plants
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Carnivores eat:
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meat
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Omnivores eat:
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plants and meat
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Organisms are limited by ___.
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Population-dependent factors.
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What are the producers?
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green plants and algae
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Primary consumers are ___.
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Herbivores
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Secondary consumers eat ___ consumers.
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Primary
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Secondary consumers can be __ or __.
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carnivores or omnivores.
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What are the decomposers?
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fungi and bacteria
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Food chain
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a diagram that shows what's eating what at each level in order
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Food web
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interconnected food chains
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Trophic level
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a feeding level
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Energy is passed on at each trophic level, but it ___.
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decreases
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Biomass
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body weight
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Organisms get about __% from feeding on the previous organism.
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10%
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As we go up the food chain, two things happen:
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We go from smaller to larger organisms.
More numbers to fewer numbers or organisms. |