Biology Dna And Protein Synthesis

Front 1

mRNA

Back 1

Translates and tansports genetic code from inside the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Front 2

tRNA

Back 2

Translates the genetic code produced by the mRNA into the protein language of codons so that ribosomes can find and match corresponding anticodons.

Front 3

Ribosome

Back 3

The site of protein synthesis along the genetic code

Front 4

Exonucleases

Back 4

These digest the mRNA by removing one Adenine at a time from the polyadenine tail.

Front 5

RNA Nucleotides

Back 5

These are found in the nucleus and they complimentary base pair to the DNA gene sequence.

Front 6

RNA-polymerase

Back 6

This joins the sugar phosphate tibmake a backbone.

Front 7

Why is a polyadenine tail added to the backbone of the mRNA?

Back 7

200+ are added to extend the life of the mRNA in the cytoplasm.

Front 8

The Function of DNA

Back 8

This controls the production of proteins and other molecules via The Genetic Code.

Front 9

Neucleotide Bases

Back 9

Code for genes

Front 10

How does the genetic code get into the cytoplasm?

Back 10

mRNA - Takes the message of the genetic code from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

Front 11

Why can DNA not enter the cytoplasm?

Back 11

There are nucleases in the cytoplasm that will digest the DNA.

Front 12

What is a transcription factor?

Back 12

This is commonly a hormone that enters the nucleus and binds to the DNA upstream of a particular gene that needs to be expressed. This causes the DNA to 'unzip'.

Front 13

Where are DNA and the activity of protein synthesis located?

Back 13

DNA - Nucleus

Protein Synthesis - In the cytoplasm

Front 14

What is

A - T

C - G

Back 14

Adenine - Thymine

Cytosine - Guanine

Front 15

Endonuclease

Back 15

'Molecular scissors' that cut the mRNA.

Front 16

What are Betaglobins and Antibody proteins?

Back 16

Remains of mRNA that remain in the cytoplasm for hours or even days.

Front 17

What is STAGE 1 of Protein Synthesis?

Back 17

Transcription

Front 18

What is STAGE 2 of Protein Synthesis?

Back 18

Translation

Front 19

What is a codon?

Back 19

This is a set of 3 nucleotide bases that directly relate to a specific amino acid.

Front 20

What is an anticodon?

Back 20

A complementary base pair to the codon provided by the tRNA.

Front 21

Translation - Quick overview

Back 21

Translation of language of DNA into language of proteins (which is amino acids). After the ribosomes identifies the START codon (always AUG), The tRNA provides anticodons to the genetic code provided by mRNA which the ribosomes scans for errors. When none are found, the ribosomes joins the two acids with a peptide bond and moves to the next set of two codons and repeats until a STOP codon is found.

Front 22

Transcription - Quick Overview

Back 22

A transcription factor, commonly a horomone, will enter the nucleus and bind to the DNA upstream of the gene that needs to be expressed, which causes the DNA to 'unzip'. RNA nucleotides found in the nucleus complementary base pair to the RNA sequence obtained by mRNA. RNA-polymerase joins the sugar phosphate to make a backbone, and a polyedenine tail is joined for the purpose of giving the mRNA extended life in the cytoplasm. The mRNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore with the genetic code and enters the cytoplasm where exo and endonucleases digest both the adenine tail and the mRNA. This starts the second process, Translation.