Biology Chapter 9

Front 1

Cellular Respiration

Back 1

harvest chemical energy; breaking down organic molecules generates ATP.

Front 2

How do organic compounds "store" energy?

Back 2

based on the arrangement of their atoms.

Front 3

Transfer of Electrons

Back 3

relocation of electrons releases stored energy in organic molecules.

Front 4

Oxidation

Back 4

lose an electron.

Front 5

Reduction

Back 5

gain an electron; reduces positive charge.

Front 6

Electron donor

Back 6

reducing agent, gets oxidized.

Front 7

Electron acceptor

Back 7

oxidizing agent, gets reduced.

Front 8

What element makes for excellent fuel?

Back 8

hydrogen

Front 9

Where are electrons transferred first?

Back 9

NAD (coenzyme). oxidizing agent.

Front 10

NAD+ reduced equals

Back 10

NADH.

Front 11

Electron Transport Chain

Back 11

release energy in steps instead of one big reaction.

Front 12

Chain

Back 12

many molecules, mostly proteins embedded into the mitochondrial membrane.

Front 13

Where does NADH transfer electrons?

Back 13

oxygen; exergonic rxn.

Front 14

Glycolosis

Back 14

Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate; process occurs in cytosol and produces 2 ATP.

Front 15

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 15

includes electron transport chain and chemiosmosis; accounts for roughly 90% of all ATP produced.

Front 16

2 Phases of Glycolosis?

Back 16

energy investment phase and energy payoff phase.

Front 17

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 17

same as fermentation except the presence of oxygen; more effective and useful.

Front 18

Kreb's Cycle

Back 18

completes oxidation of orgnic molecules, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA before cycle begins.

Front 19

Acetyl CoA

Back 19

very reactive and unstable.

Front 20

Citric Acid Cycle 2

Back 20

cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generatin one ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn.

Front 21

FADH2

Back 21

derived from B vitamin riboflavin, electron acceptor.

Front 22

Electron Transport Chain 2

Back 22

Carriers alternate between oxidized and reduced states. moves down through protein complexes in inner membrane of mitochondria.

Front 23

Why is oxygen so important to cellular respiration?

Back 23

without electronegative oxygen, electrons would not be pulled dowm the ETC.

Front 24

Function of electron transport chain

Back 24

to break a large free energy drop into a series of small steps that release energy into manageable amounts.

Front 25

Chemiosmosis

Back 25

Use of energy in H+ gradient to drive cellular work. coupled with H+ atoms given off by electron transport chain.

Front 26

ATP synthase

Back 26

enzyme complex; binds phosphorous atom from substrate to ADP molecule to produce ATP.

Front 27

Proton Motive Force

Back 27

force drives H+ back across the membrane through ATP synthase channels.

Front 28

How many ATP's are produced from oxidation phosphorylation?

Back 28

about 32-34.

Front 29

How many ATP's are produced from 1 glucose molecule?

Back 29

36-38.

Front 30

Fermentation

Back 30

transfer electrons to pyruvate instead of NAD+ and becomes lactate; pyruvate production.

Front 31

Dehydrogenase

Back 31

enzyme that removes 2 hydrogen atoms from glucose and attaches one to NAD+, forming NADH.

Front 32

How many turns of the CAC occur per glucose molecule?

Back 32

2.

Front 33

What happens to pyruvate after glycolosis?

Back 33

CO2 is released from it and coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group remaining, forming acetyl CoA.

Front 34

Importance of oxygen

Back 34

w/o oxygen to pull electrons down the ETC with its electronegativity, oxi-phos would stop.

Front 35

What is the power source for ATP?

Back 35

the difference in the concentration of H+ on opposite sides of the inner membrane (membrane potential).

Front 36

What reaction occur in the ETC?

Back 36

redox rxns