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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell |
basic unit of life |
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Robert Hooke |
created cell biology by observing nonliving cork |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
first person to observe organisms; discovered bacteria contributed that cells are basic unit of structure/function to cell theory |
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cell theory |
1. all living things are made up of cells 2. cell are basic unit of structure/function in living things 3. new cells come from existing cells |
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Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann |
observed animal cells and concluded all living things made up of cells; Schleiden discovered all things made up of cells Schwann discovered that all animals are made up of cells |
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Lorenz Oken and Rudolf Virchow |
contributed to cell theory that all cells arise from existing cells |
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two types of microscopes |
light and electron |
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light microscope |
passes visible light through specimen to observe it; specimen can be alive; magnifies 1000-2000 times |
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electron microscope |
uses beam of electrons through specimen to observe; specimen must be dead; magnifies up to 500,000 times size of the specimen; specimen must be kept in vacuum sealed with no oxygen |
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Scanning Electron Microscope |
examines surface of cell in detail |
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Transmission Electron Microscope |
examines interior of cell in detail |
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prokaryotic cells |
cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei (do not have a nucleus and DNA is contained instead in nucleoid region); generally smaller and simpler; do not have membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria |
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eukaryotic cells |
cells that enclose DNA in a nucleus (have a nucleus); more large and complex; make up plants, animals, and fungi |
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nucleus |
large membrane-enclosed structure that contains genetic material in form of DNA and controls many of the cell´s activities |
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DNA |
information stored inside nucleus that contains coded instructions for making proteins and other molecules for the cell - found in all types of cells |
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nucleolus |
small sphere found inside of nucleus; function- to make ribosomes |
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vacuoles |
store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates - found in eukaryotic cells (plant and animal) -plant cells have single, large vacuole filled with liquid (allows cell to be firm and hold up heavy parts like leaves and flowers) |
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vesicles |
function: store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface -smaller than vacuoles, and membrane enclosed - found in most eukaryotic cells |
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lysosomes |
small organelles filled with enzymes -function: break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by rest of the cell -also break down organelles that have outlived usefulness -removing junk that might otherwise clutter the cell -structure: surrounded by membrane made of lipids -found in eukaryotic cells, mostly animal but some plants |
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cytoskeleton |
network of protein filaments in eukaryotic cells that give cells shape and internal organization -involved in movement; help transport materials between different parts of cell -found in both plant and animal cells -made up of microtubules and microfilaments |
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centrioles |
minute cylindrical organelle -function: involved in making spindle fibers for cell division |
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ribosomes |
makes proteins that repair damage in cells and help direct chemical processes in the cell -found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are all types; all cells need protein -floating freely: makes protein for cell itself; attached to the rough ER: makes protein for outside the cell wall |
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endoplasmic reticulum |
-place where lipid component of cell membrane is assembled -make proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell 1. rough ER- has ribosomes attached to it that make protein for export 2. smooth ER- does not have ribosomes attached; helps to detoxify drugs |
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Golgi apparatus |
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from rough ER for storage in the cell or outside the cell -builds lysosomes -found in all eukaryotic cells |
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chloroplast |
converts light energy from the sun into food/sugars in process called photosynthesis - found in plant cells |
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cell wall |
-provides structure, support, and protection for plant cells -allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other materials to pass through the cell |
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cell membrane |
separates interior of cells from outside environment and regulates materials that can come in and out of the cell -made of four kinds of molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol, protein and carbs -found in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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structure of cell membrane |
made up of lipid bilayer -made up of two parts; head and fatty acid tail -hydrophilic heads exposed outside the cell - hydrophobic tails not exposed to water or outside of cell |
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selectively permeable |
-quality of the cell membrane that allows some materials to enter cell and other not to -smaller, nonpolar molecules allowed to enter -larger, polar molecules restricted from cell |
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flagellum |
small tail on outside of cells that allow movement of cell or move objects outside the cell |
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cilia |
tiny hair-like projections on outside of cell that move cell/move objects outside the cell |