Biology - Chapers 22/? - Descent With Modifications & The Evolution Of Populations

Front 1

On which of the following did Linnaeus base his classification system?

Back 1

morphology and anatomy

Front 2

Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of

Back 2

the fossil record.

Front 3

Which of the following events, as described here, is most in agreement with the idea of catastrophism?

Back 3

body with Earth

Front 4

What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

Back 4

Earth is 6,000 years old, and populations are unchanging.

Front 5

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement would you use to correct this student's misconception?

Back 5

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

Front 6

Which explains variations in homologous structures?

Back 6

Variations in the development of the structures occur as the embryos grow.

Front 7

The theory of evolution is most accurately described as

Back 7

an overarching explanation, supported by much evidence, for how populations change over time.

Front 8

Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of Earth's ancient age?

Back 8

Charles Lyell

Front 9

Darwin had initially expected the living plants of temperate South America to resemble those of temperate Europe, but he was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this observation is most properly associated with the field of

Back 9

biogeography.

Front 10

Who was the naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?

Back 10

Alfred Wallace

Front 11

Charles Darwin was the first to propose

Back 11

a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence.

Front 12

In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the

Back 12

more recently they shared a common ancestor.

Front 13

Both Darwin's and Lamarck's ideas regarding evolution suggest which of the following?

Back 13

The interaction of organisms with their environment is important in the evolutionary process.

Front 14

Natural selection is based on all of the following except

Back 14

individuals must adapt to their environment.

Front 15

Which of the following represents an idea Darwin took from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Back 15

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply.

Front 16

It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that

Back 16

island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.

Front 17

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection?
1. Differential reproduction occurs.
2. A new selective pressure arises.
3. Allele frequencies within the population change.
4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.

Back 17

2. A new selective pressure arises.
4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.
1. Differential reproduction occurs.
3. Allele frequencies within the population change.

Front 18

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?
by identifying the bones as being homologous by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a

Back 18

by identifying the bones as being homologous by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor

Front 19

Human intestines are held in place by membranes called mesenteries. In bipedal humans, it would be logical for these mesenteries to be attached to the rib cage. Instead, they are attached to the backbone, as they are in quadrupedal mammals. Because of this arrangement, human mesenteries have a tendency to tear more often than mesenteries in other mammals, as frequently observed among truck drivers and jackhammer operators. The same evolutionary modification that causes increased susceptibility to torn mesenteries is responsible for

Back 19

back and knee problems.

Front 20

As adults, certain species of whales possess baleen instead of teeth. Baleen is used to filter the whales' diet of planktonic animals from seawater. As embryos, baleen whales possess teeth, which are later replaced by baleen. The teeth of embryonic baleen whales are evidence that

Back 20

baleen whales are descendants of toothed whales.

Front 21

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?

Back 21

All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.

Front 22

What would be the best technique for determining the evolutionary relationships among several closely related species, each of which still contains living members?

Back 22

DNA or RNA analysis

Front 23

Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?

Back 23

DNA sequence evidence fully disagreed with morphological evidence.

Front 24

A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. What inferences might you make about this population?

Back 24

The amount of available food may have increased. The number of predators may have decreased. The squirrels of subsequent generations should show greater levels of variation than previous generations because squirrels that would not have survived in the past will now survive.

Front 25

Which statement best describes how the evolution of pesticide resistance occurs in a population of insects?

Back 25

A number of genetically resistant pesticide survivors reproduce. The next generation of insects contains more genes from the survivors than it does from susceptible individuals.

Front 26

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat?

Back 26

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat?
arm of a human