Biology 1176

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Kingdom Animalia.

SPONGES

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Porifera

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The entire evolutionary history of species

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Phylogeny

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Kingdom Animalia

JELLYFISH AND HYDRA

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Cnidaria

Front 4

FLATWORMS AND TAPEWORMS

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Platyhelminthes

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roundworms

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Nematoda

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Clams, Snails, Slugs, and Squid

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Mollusca

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segmented earthworms

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Annelida

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crustaceans, insects and spiders

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Arthropoda

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sea stars and se urchins

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Echinodermata

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vertebrates

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Chordata

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having no particular symmetry (e.g. sponges)

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Asymmetrical

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an animal body structure in which any section through the mouth and down the body length divides the body into identical halves. The body has only 2 identifiable surfaces (oral and aboral). e.g. Jellyfish

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Radial Symmetry

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an animal with a head and a rear, and with the body organs arranged so that a section through the midline from dorsal to ventral surfaces would divide the organism into almost identical right and left halves. an animal with this symmetry has 4 identifiable surfaces: anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral

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Bilateral symmetry

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Some animals have only 2 germ layers

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Diploblastic

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All bilateral symmetrical animals develop 3 germ layers

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Triploblastic

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-covers the surface of the embryo

-forms the outer covering of the animal and the central nervous system in some phyla

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Ectoderm

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-innermost germ layer which lines the archenteron (primitive gut)

-forms the lining of the digestive tract and outpocketings give rise to the liver and lungs of vertebrates

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Endoderm

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-located between the ectoderm and the endoderm in triploblastic animals

-forms the muscles and the connective tissues (including the skeletal and circulatory systems) and most organs located between the digestive tract and outer covering of the animal

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Mesoderm

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No body cavity is present between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. (e.g. Phylum Platyhelminthes)

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Acelomate

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A fluid-filled body cavity separates the digestive tract and the outer body wall. This cavity is not completely lined with mesoderm. (e.g. Phylum Nematoda)

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Pseudocoelomate

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a fluid-filled body cavity completely lines with mesoderm. It separates the digestive tract from the outer body wall. Mesenteries connect the inner and outer mesoderm layers and suspend the internal organs in the ___________

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Coelomate

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a group of cells that have a common structure and share a common function

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Tissues

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Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body.

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Epithelial Tissues

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the main function of the connective tissue is to bins and support other tissue

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Connective Tissue

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binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material which holds organs into place

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Loose connective tissue

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specialized form of loose connective tissue that stores fat. _________ tissue pads and insulates the body and store the fat as fuel.

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Adipose Tissues

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dense collagen fibers that produce strong inelastic fibers. Tendons (attach muscles to the bone) and ligaments (attach bones together)

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Fibrous Connective tissues

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made up of an abundance of collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made up of a substance called chondroitin

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Cartilage

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bone forming cells deposit a matrix of collagen and calcium, magnesium and phosphate which chemically combine to harden into bone

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Bone

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Functions differently the other connective tissues. it does meet the criterion of having a loose extracellular matric. in this case the plasma that surround the blood cells.

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Blood

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senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another. The neuron is the basic structure.

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Nervous Tissue

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composed of long fibers that are able to contract when stimulated by impulses from neurons. the fibers are made up of microfilaments containing the protein actin and myosin

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Muscle Tissue

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responsible for voluntary movements of the body

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Skeletal muscle

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makes up the contractile component of the heart. it is striated like skeletal muscle but cardiac muscle cells are branched and the ends of the cells are joined by the intercalated discs, which relay signals from cell to cell during a heart beat.

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Cardiac Muscle

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is found in the walls of the digestive track, bladder, arteries and other internal organs. Smooth muscles are responsible for involuntary muscle contraction.

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Smooth Muscle

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Comprised of different tissues

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Organs

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consists of several organs that together carry out the major body functions of most animals.

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Organ systems

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detects a change in a variable of the animals internal enviroment

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receptor

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processes the information it receives from the receptor and direct and appropriate response

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control center

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will reverse the variable detected at the receptor

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Effector

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a change in the variable being monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction

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Negative Feedback

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a layer of cells important in feeding and digestion

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Gastrodermis

Front 43

eyes, chemoreceptors, bioluminescence organs

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Sensory Cells

Front 44

Derived from ectoderm. it is different than true muscle tissue.

Back 44

muscle cells

Front 45

the alternate contraction and relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscle producing waves that pass along the intestine, moving the tube contents in one direction.

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Peristalsis

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involves mitosis only with little to no genetic variation. The disadvantage is that if the environment changes, the reduced genetic variation puts the asexual population at risk.

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Asexual Reprodution

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is more widespread because of the genetic variation produced by the process. The variation ensures that some individuals will survive, even if many die.

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Sexual Reproduction