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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the features of Kingdom Plantae
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- eukaryotic
- multicellular - autotrophic (photosynthetic) |
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Plants are believed to be descended from an ancestral subgroup of green algae, called?
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Charophyta
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What are plant's cell wall made of?
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pectin and cellulose
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What happens to the excess energy of plants?
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stored as starch
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Similarities between plants and green alagae
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- cell wall made of pectin and cellulose
- excess energy strored as starch - peroxisome enzymes - formation of cell wall via mitosis - formation of phragmoplast - they both have chlorophyll A and B plus carotenoids - have alternation of generation - structure of flagellated sperm |
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Plants have that charophyta does not
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- waxy cuticle
- stomates - have true tissue (leaves, roots, etc.) - have multicellular sex organs - have well defined alteration of generations - the zygote is maintained in maternal tissue until developed - walled spors produced in sporangia - Apical meristems |
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Problems moving to a terrestrial environment
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5 impotant things
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1. What is the solution for plants dessication (drying out)?
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Waxy cuticles and stomates
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2. How do plants transport gametes?
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- spores
- pollen |
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3. What are plant's support against gravity?
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- cellulose and lignin
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4. Gas exchange can only be done across a wet surface. How was this resolved?
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recessed wet stomates
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5. How do plants transport Nutrients and water within them?
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xylem and phloem
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Describe the key evolutionary branch points of plants.
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- ancestral green alagae (charophyte)
- Evolution of protected embryo (Hepatophyta) - evolution of cuticle and stomata (Bryophyta) - evolution of vascular tissue, root and shoot stem (Lycophyta and Pterophyta) - Evolution of seeds (Gingkophyta, Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta) -Evolution of flowers and fruit (Anthophyta: monocots or dicots) |
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Characteristics of Bryophytes (hepatophyta, bryophyta)
e.g pogonotum ( a moss), liverworts (NONVASCULAR) |
- small plants
- some nonfunctional stomates and thin waxy cuticles - require moisture for reproduction as sperm has to swim to the female - gametophyte generation is dominant - no vascular tissue present - no true organs ( root, stem, leaves) - tied to a moist, wet environments |
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seedless vascular plants
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- Phylum Lycophyta: mosses, spike mosses, quilworts
- phylum Pterophyta: ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives |
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Primary components of a vascular plant
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xylem and phloem
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xylem
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conducts most of the water and minerals ( dead cells)
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phoem
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consists of living cells and distributes:
-sugars, amino acids, and other organic products |
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Water conducting cells are strengthened and provides structural support by?
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lignin
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What are vascular plants called?
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Tracheophytes
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Vascular plants (tracheophytes vs bryophytes)
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- have xylem and phloem (vascular transport system)
- have true organs (root, stem and leaf) - have well developed waxy cuticle - stomates can be opened and closed - sporophyte is the long lived generation |
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Leaves
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- organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants
- captures more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis due to surface area |
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types pf leaves
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- Microphylls
- Megaphylls |
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Microphylls
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- leaves with a single vein
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Megaphylls
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- leaves with highly branched vascular system
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Roots
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- organ that anchor vascular plants
- enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil - may have evolved from subterranean stems |
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Sporophylls and spore variation
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- Sporophylls
- Sori - Strobilli |
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Sporophylls
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- modified leaves with sporangia (reproductive organ)
- both megaphyll and microphyll can be sporophylls - bears reproductive structure (sporangia) |
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Sori
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cluster of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls
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Stobilli
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cone like structure formed from groups of sporophylls
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Types of sporophylls
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- Microsporophyll
- Megasporophyll |
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Microsporophyll
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Leaf that bears a sporangium manufacturing spores that will become male gametophytes (microspores)
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Megasporophyll
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Leaf bearing sporangium manufacturing spores that will become female gametophytes ( megaspores)
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Seedless Tracheophytes (vascular plants)
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- Lycophyta
- Pterophyta |
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Lycophyta (club mosses)
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- large lycophytes are extinct
- only the smaller ones are extant (living) - dominant in the carbonifereous period (380 million years ago) - spirally arranged leaves - bears reproductive structure called strobilli |
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Pterophyta
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- usually small in size
- can have underground stem (rhizome) - leafy frond-ferns |
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Evolution of seed
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- seed develops from the whole ovule
- seed is a sporophyte embryo, with food supply, packaged in a protective coat |
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Advantage of seeds over spores
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- may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination
- may be transported long distances by wind or animal |
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seed of a gymnosperm
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Gymnosperms (seed plants) (naked seeds- not enclosed by ovaries)
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- Ginkgophyta
-Cycadophyta -Gnetophyta -Coniferophyta |
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gymnosperms
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- their seeds lack protective enclosure or fruitor ovary with endosperm
- most likely evolved earlier than flowering plants |
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Cycadophyta (cycads)
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- palm-like plants, abundant in tropical and subtropical regions
- can be up to 18 metres in height - produce cone-like reproductive structures at the top of the plant - pollen and seed cones are on different plants (male and female plants) |
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Ginkgophyta
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- fan shaped leaves
- deciduos (leaves fall off in fall) unlike other gymnosperms - have male and female reproductive structure on different trees - has high air pollution tolerance |
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Gnetophyta
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- comprises three genera
- vary in appearance, and some live in tropical areas and others in desert |
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Coniferophyta (conifers)
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- most widespread gymnosperms
- evergreen and bears reproductive structures called CONES - probably the talles and oldest living organisms - leaves maybe needle like or scaly - fertilisation and maturation is long |
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Examples of coniferophytes
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- cedar
- spruce - Hemlock - pine - redwood |
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Angiosperm
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- flower
- seeds containing endosperm - produce fruits - double fertilisation |
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Phylum Anthophyta ( flowering plants)
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-most recently evolved group
- flowers may have evolved from shoots and leaves - produce fruits from flower ovaries - ovaries protect the seed - seeds contain endosperm (food for the developing embryo) - double fertilisation - have the greatest number of species (280 000) |
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Classes of Anthopyta
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- monocotyledonae
- dicotyledonae |
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Monocots
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- single cotyledon (seed leaves)
- parallel leaf venation - flower parts are found in 3s or multiples of 3s - have fibrous roots - does not have vascular cambium |
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Dicots
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- have 2 cotyledon (seed leaves)
- net like veins in their leaves - flower parts are found in 4s or 5s or multiples or 4s or 5s - have a main tap root - have vascular cambium |
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Support of the plant body
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...
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Three basic organs of plants
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- roots, stems, leaves
- organized into a root system and a shoot system - roots rely on sugar produced by photosynthesis - shoots rely on water and minerals absorbed by the root system |
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Each plant organ has
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- dermal, vascular and ground tissue
- these three categories froms a tissue system |
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In nonwoody plants, the demal tissue system consists of the
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Epidermis
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A waxy coating helps preven water loss from epidermis.
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Cuticle
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In woody plants, protective tissues called ______ replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
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Periderm
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Outgrowth of the shoot epidermis that can help with insect defense
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Trichomes
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Vascular tissue system (xylem and phloem)
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transports materials between roots and shoots
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xylem (dead cells)
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conveys water and minerals ONLY upward from the roots into shoots
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Phloem
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- transports nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed
- can go back and forth unlike xylem |
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Common types of plant cells
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- Parenchyma (BIG cells)
- Collenchyma - Sclerenchyma - Water- conducting cells of the xylem - Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem |
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Parenchyma cells (mature cells)
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- thin and flexible primary walls
- does not have secondary wall - least specialized - perform the most metabolic function - retain the ability to divide and differentiate |
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Collenchyma cells
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- grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot
- thicker and uneven cell walls - lack secondary cell wall - provides flexible support without restraining growth |
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Sclerenchyma cells (dead cells)
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- Have secondary cell walls
- specialized as support tissue - have 2 types : sclereids ( short and irregular shape, thick cell walls) and Fibers (long and slender, arranged in threads) |
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Water conducting cells of the Xylem
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- 2 types of water conducting cells: tracheids and vessel element (dead at maturity)
- Tracheids are found in the xylem of all vascular plants - Vessel elements are common to most Angiosperms and a few gymnosperms - Vessel elements align end to end to form long micropipes called vessels |
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Sugar conducting cells of the Phloem
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-Sieve-tube elements: alive at functional maturity; lack organelles
- Sieve plates: porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the sieve tube - each sieve tube elements has a COMPANION CELL whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells |
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Sieve tube picture
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Intermediate growth
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a plant can grow throughout its life
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Determinate Growth
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plant organs cease to grow at a certain size.( has a size limit)
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Annuals
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complete their life cycle in a year
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Biennials
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require two growing season ( 2x a year)
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Perennials
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live for many years
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Meristems
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perpetually embryonic tissue and allow for intermediate growth
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Apical meristems
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- located at the tips of roots and shoots
- elongates shoots and roots, a process called primary growth |
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Lateral meristems
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add thickness to woody plants, a process called secondary growth
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There are two lateral meristems
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-Vascular cambium
-Cork cambium |
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Vascular Cambium
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add layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
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Cork Cambium
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- replaces epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher
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Primary Growth (lengthens roots and roots )
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- produces the primary plant body
- parts of the root and shoot sysmtem produced by apical meristem |
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primary growth of roots
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- the root tip is covered by a root cap
- root cap protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil |
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Primary growth of roots produces...
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Epidermis
ground tissue vascular tissue |
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monocot and dicot stem
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Primary growth of shoots
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- a shoot apical meristem is a dome shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip
- leaves develop from leaf primordia - axillary buds develop from meristematic cells |