Biology 100- Chapter 16

Front 1

Plants are

Back 1

terrestrial (land dwelling)

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plant

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multi-cellular eukaryote that makes organic molecules by photosynthesis- called photoautotrophs

Front 3

difference between plants and algae

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set of structural and reproductive terrestrial adaptations

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shoots

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aerial leaf bearing organs (light and co2 from air)

also show structure adaptations to the terrestrial environment. For shoot to stand it needs support

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roots

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subterranean organs ( mineral nutrients are found in the soil)

Front 6

mycorrhizae

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root-fungus combinations, evident on some of the oldest plant fossils

Front 7

leaves are the main

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photosynthetic organs of most plants

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stomata

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exchange of co2 and o2 in the atmosphere and the photosynthetic interior of the leaf happens here

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cuticle

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waxy layer coats the leaves helping to retain water

Front 10

lingnin

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a chemical that hardens cell walls, important adaptation

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vascular tissue

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a system of tube shaped cells that branch throughout the plant. Has 2 types xylem which consists of dead cells and phoem which consists of living cells

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gametangia

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protective structures that plants do to keep their offspring from drying out

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in plant fertilization

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the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent which protects the embryo and keeps it from dehydrating

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charophytes

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a modern day lineage of green algae, may resemble one of these early plant ancestors

Front 15

plant evolution stages

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1. 475 million years ago, early diversification came including mosses, liverworts- called bryophytes lack true roots and leaves, also lack lignin.

2. 425 million years ago, diversification of plants with vascular tissue, allows to grow taller such as ferns

3. 360 million years ago, origin of the seed, came gymnosperms such as conifers, cone bearing ("naked seed plants")

4. 140 million years ago came antiosperms which is containing seeds such as the flower. Protective chamber called ovaries

Front 16

bryophytes

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mosses, liverwort have a waxy cuticle and retention of developing embryos within the mother plant's gametangium. Mosses need water, no vascular tissue, need to live in damp shady places

Front 17

bryophytes

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gametophyte, (produce gametes (sperm and egg))green sponge like plant

sporophyte, (produce spores) growing out of a gametophyte is a stalk with a capsule at its tip

dependent on and protected by the tissues of the parent sporophyte.

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gametophyte cells are

sporophyte cells are

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haploid (one set up chromosomes)

diploid cells (two chromosomes)

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spore is different in 2 ways

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can develop into new organism without fusing with another cell and usually have tough coats that enable them to resist harsh environments... because gameates must stay moist.

Front 20

in reproducing the gametophyte and sporophyte

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are alternating generations that take turns producing each other.

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alternation of generations

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occurs only in plants and multicellular algae. a life cycle that has both diploid and hypoid cells

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ferns

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the most diverse seedless vascular plant. Sperm has flagella and must swim through water to fertilize. Huge role in Carboniferous period. Can be created to coal.

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gymnosperms

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Drier and colder climate, seed plant, conifers

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conifers

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pines, firs, spruces, cedars, tallest and largests, most are evergreen, forests are highly productive.

actually sporophyte with tiny gametophtyes in its cones

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terrestrial adaptations of seed plants

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1. further reduction of the gametophyte

2. pollen

3. seeds

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pollen grain

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male gametophyte, it houses cells that will develop into sperm

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ovules

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female protected structure

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angiosperms

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short stem with four whorls of modified leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

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sepals

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bottom of the flower, usually green, enclose the flower or wrap it

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petals

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often colorful and helpful to attract insects

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stamen

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actual reproductor, consists of stalk which is the filament (bearing a sac) and a anther which the pollen grain develops

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carpel

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stalk- the style, with an ovary at the base and a sticky tip as the stigma which traps pollen

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ovary

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eggs develop, protective chamber

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fruit

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ripened ovary of a flower, fruits protect and help disperse seeds

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fungi

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recycle vital chemical elements back to the environment in forms that other organisms can assimilate. are eukaryotes and most are multicellular

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fungal nutrition

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fungi are chemohertertrophs that acquire nutrients from absorption. fungus digests food outside its body

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fungal structure

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constructed of threadlike filaments called hyphae

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mycelium

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fungal hyphae branch repeatedly forming an interwoven network

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fungal reproduction

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must be above ground

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parasitisim

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relationship in which 2 species live in contact and one organism benefits while the other is harmed.