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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following issues would MOST likely be dealt with by a physiological psychologist? |
What are the brain structures involved in eating behavior? |
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Physiological psychologists are most likely to believe in |
monism and evolution |
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in the early 1600s, ________ was somewhat radical in his thinking because he believed that the body ________. |
Descartes; could influence the soul |
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While Descartes was walking through royal gardens in France, he saw statues move as he stepped on stone pavers. This gave him his idea of |
the reflex |
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The motor system is ______, meaning that to move my right hand, the command comes from the _______ cerebral hemisphere of the brain. |
contralateral : left |
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Evolution |
likely comes about through natural selection |
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The left hemisphere is unusually responsible for analyzing and producing |
language |
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if a blindfolded split brain patient smelled a lemon with only her right nostril (the left nostril is plugged), all of the following would be true except |
she would be able to say "lemon". |
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The phenomenon of blindsight suggests that |
consciousness is not a general property of all parts of the brain |
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A patient suffering from unilateral neglect usually neglects stimuli |
contralateral to the damaged hemisphere |
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in the video clip we saw in class the other week of Peggy trying to draw daisies, Peggy said that we must have two _____, and for her one side is taking over the other. |
attentions |
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The ______ part of the central nervous system |
spinal cord is |
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_______ was a Spanish histologist who painstakingly drew neurons from many brain areas from many different areas |
Cajal |
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_________ part of the neuron primarily responsible for gathering information from other neurons. |
Dendrites are |
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_________ are organelles responsible for making ATP with _________. |
Mitochondria : glucose |
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The organelles in neurons responsible for creating protein molecules are the |
ribosomes |
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The best name for a neuron with two stalks or processes coming out of the soma would be a(n) |
bipolar neuron |
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Neurons that conduct impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles are called |
motor or efferent neurons |
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A neuron entirely located within the gray matter of the spinal cord would best be called |
an interneuron |
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In anterograde axoplasmic transport, molecules are moved from the _______, along the neuron's _________. |
some to the terminal buttons : microtubules |
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_______ build myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system by wrapping _______. |
Oligodendrocytes : paddle-like extensions around axons |
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_________ provide nutrients to neurons, and _______ are an important component of the brain's immune system. |
Astrocytes : microglia |
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The blood-brain barrier prevents _______ from flowing freely into the brain. |
water soluble and large molecules |
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The blood-brain barrier appears to be, in part, formed by |
tight junctions of the cells that comprise the brain's capillaries |
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A weak area in the blood-brain barrier at the area postrema is for |
checking the blood for poisons. |
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_______ axons were used by _______ to investigate the nature of the action potential. |
Squid : Hodgkin and Huxley |
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The difference in voltage between the inside and the outside of a neuron that typically exists when the axon is at rest is best described as the ______, and is about _______ mv. |
resting potential : -70 |
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When the insides of the axon becomes more negative in voltage compared to resting potential, we say that the axon is |
hyperpolarized. |
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When the neuron is at rest, which of the following forces acts to move chloride into the neuron? |
diffusion |
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When the neuron is at rest, which of the following forces acts to move sodium outside of the neuron? |
the sodium-potassium transporter |
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The threshold of excitation is actually the voltage necessary to |
open sodium channels. |
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Which of the following movements of ions would produce a depolarization in a neuron's axon? |
sodium ions into the axon |
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The action potential is a good signal for the nervous system to use to transmit information because |
the signal of the action potential does not degrade as it travels down the axon. |
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In an action potential, the hyper polarization is due to |
potassium leaving the axon. |
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Sodium channels become refractory when the axon's voltage reaches about _______ mv. |
+40 |
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When action potentials are conducted down a myelinated axon, all of the following are true, except |
the action potentials occur under the beads of myelin. |
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In decremental conduction |
the electrical signal decreases in strength as it travels down the length of the axon. |
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How does the brain differentiate between a weak stimulus and a strong stimulus? |
the rate that action potentials are being fired will be less for the weaker stimulus. |
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Transmission of information between neurons is _________ and within a neuron is _________. |
chemical : electrical |
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Within the terminal buttons, _______ contain the neurotramitters. |
vesicles |
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In the presynaptic membrane, which is the correct order for synaptic transmission to occur? |
action potential arrives at the terminal button, calcium rushes in, vesicles release neurotransmitter |
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In the terminal buttons, an action potential causes _______ to enter the cell, which allows the vesicles to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap. |
calcium |
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in synaptic transmission, it is helpful to think of the ______ as the key, and the ______ as the lock, which then opens the ion channel. |
neurotransmitter : receptor |
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Most neurotransmitters are removed form the synaptic gap by |
reuptake into the presynaptic membrane. |
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Metabotropic receptors ______ compared to ionotropic receptors. |
take longer to open ion channels |
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Neural integration refers to |
the way IPSPs and EPSPs summate to control the firing rate of action potentials of a neuron. |
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Which of the following movements of ions creates an IPSP in the postsynaptic membrane of a neuron? |
potassium ions out of the postsynaptic membrane |
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If you have more IPSPs than EPSPs at a postsynaptic membrane of a neuron, this neuron will likely |
hyperpolarize |
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The _______ nervous systems compose the autonomic nervous system. |
sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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The branch of the nervous system that controls our "vegetative" functions is the |
autonomic nervous system |
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A plane through the brain parallel with the floor would be a ________ plane, and a plane going through the top of the head that can split you from ear to ear is the _______ plane. |
transverse : coronal |
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The pons is ______ to the spinal cord. |
superior or rostral |
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The amygdala is _______ to the hippocampus. |
anterior |
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The thalami are ______ to the third ventricle. |
lateral |
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The cerebellum is ______ to the occipital lobes. |
inferior |
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The cortex of the _____ considered to be neocortex and the cortex of the _____ considered to be limbic cortex. |
temporal lobes are : cingulate cortex is |
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The _____ is absent in the peripheral nervous system, and the _____ is the tough outer meninge. |
arachnoid : dura matter |
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The subarachnoid space is a space between the ______ and contains ________. |
pia matter and arachnoid membrane : cerebrospinal fluid |
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Cerebrospinal fluid does all of the following except |
creates the correct chemical environment of the intracellular fluid |
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Which is the correct order of flow of cerebrospinal fluid? |
third ventricle...subarachnoid space....sinuses |
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Cerebrospinal fluid is largely produced in the _______ and can be reabsorbed in the _______. |
ventricles : dural sinuses |
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In the ventricular system, the ______ are directly connected. |
fourth ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct |
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The lateral ventricles are located deep within the |
cerebral hemisphere |
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The fourth ventricle is |
ventral to the cerebellum. |
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The _______ is part of the forebrain. |
diencephalon |
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The tectum and tegmentum make up the structures of the |
mesencephalon. |
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All of the following are true of the hypothalamus except |
it activates the somatic nervous system. |
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All of the following structures deal with the processing of emotions except the |
red nucleus |
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The temporal lobe houses the |
hippocampus. |
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Phineas Gage suffered damage to his ______ lobes, severing connections with the _______. |
frontal : limbic system |
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The primary visual cortex is located in the ______ fissure of the ______ lobe. |
calcarine : occipital |
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The primary motor cortex is located ______ to the central sulcus in the _____ lobe. |
anterior : frontal |
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In a class video, Charles Landry, a lawyer, suffered from a stroke that damaged _____ of the _______ lobe. |
Broca's area : frontal |
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When one thinks about the type of information being processed in the parietal lobe, one should be thinking about |
touch and vision. |
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All of the following are visible on the ventral surface of the brain except the |
parietal lobes. |
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If you cut into the longitudinal fissure, the first structure you would encounter with your knife would be the |
corpus callosum. |
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If you pull open the lateral fissure you will find the _______ which is responsible for _______. |
insula : complex social emotions |
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Damage to the inferior temporal gyrus would most likely lead to problems in |
vision. |
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If you stimulate the "thumb" area of the primary motor cortex you would |
move your thumb. |
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What is the best description for the location of the thalami? |
deep within the cerebral hemispheres |
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of the following, the _______ is considered to be a subcortical nucleus. |
amygdala |
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Some of the first motor symptoms of Parkinsons disease are due to the death of neurons in the |
substantia nigra |
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Caffeine in your morning cup of coffee is stimulating the ______ for increased wakefulness. |
reticular formation |
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The _______ connects the hippocampus and mammillary bodies. |
fornix |
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Damage to the hippocampus would likely lead to problems in |
forming new memories. |
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All of the following structures are commonly considered to be structures of the limbic system except the |
reticular formation |
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The superior colliculi are nuclei of the ______ and deal with _______. |
tectum : reflexive visual behaviors |
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Coughing, sneezing and vomiting are all controlled by the |
medulla |
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All of the following are white matter except the |
hypothalamus. |
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All of the following are visible on the medial surface of the brain except the |
amygdala. |
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Sensory information enters the spinal cord on its ________ surface. |
posterior |
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Cell bodies of neurons for touch are located in the |
dorsal spinal root ganglia |
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There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves, with _______. |
12 : only some containing both sensory and motor information |
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The sympathetic nervous system has ______ postganglionic fibers that release _____ at their target organs. |
long : norepinephrine |
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Sympathetic arousal includes all of the following except |
stimulates digestive system. |
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The _____ is a gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to further activate the ______ nervous system. |
adrenal medulla : sympathetic |
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All of the following are true of psychoactive drugs except |
they must be taken in large quantities to have an effect. |
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______ is the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior. |
Psychopharmacology |
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_____ are two common ways to administer drugs to small lab animals. |
Intraperitoneal injection and intracerebral injection |
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Of the following pairs, the fastest method of getting a drug to the brain is by ______, and the slowest method is by _______. |
intramuscular : oral ingestion |
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Psychoactive drugs are usually either |
lipid soluble or very small molecules |
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Drugs are mainly metabolized by ______ in the _______. |
enzymes : liver |
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THC found in marijuana binds to fatty tissue in the body. This ______ the effects of THC. |
prolongs |
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Drug excretion means |
removing the drug from the body. |
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When a drug is swallowed or ingested |
enzymes in the stomach can metabolize the drug. |
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All of the following are true of the LD50 except |
it is calculated during human trials with in the drug. |
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The therapeutic index is all of the following except |
the amount of a drug that causes some harmful or toxic effect to the individual. |
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If Bob the Builder took 2 pills instead of the prescribed does of 1 pill and consequently suffered damage to his liver, we would say that the medication |
has a very small safety margin. |
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A drug's withdrawal symptoms are usually |
effects that are opposite to those of the drug. |
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An increase in psychomotor disturbances with the same dose of cocaine is refereed to as |
sensitization. |
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Drug effects that are not due to the drug at its site of action are referred to as |
non-specific effects. |
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If a drug blocks the reuptake mechanism of a neurotransmitter, it is best classified as _______ for that neurotransmitter. |
an agonist |
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If a drug blocks the metabolic enzyme of a neurotransmitter, that drug would be considered ________ for that neurotransmitter. |
an agonist |
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A drug that non-competitively binds to a postsynaptic receptor and does not open ion channels is best described as ________ for that neurotransmitter. |
an indirect antagonist |
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Select the incorrect statement: |
Drugs that cause the vesicles to empty neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap are antagonists. |
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The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is directly implicated in all of the following except |
drug addiction |
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Acetylcholine is released by all of the following neurons of the peripheral nervous system except |
sympathetic postganglionic neurons |
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______ was the first neurotransmitter discovered because it is widely found throughout the peripheral nervous system. |
Acetylcholine |
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Which of the following drugs acts as a direct agonist for acetylcholine? |
muscarine |
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Acetylcholine |
controls the contraction of voluntary muscles. |
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Acetylcholine controls the formation of some memories through its pathway from the |
septum to the hippocampus. |
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Botulinum toxin |
prevents the release of acetylcholine from vesicles. |
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The following drugs cause paralysis: |
botulinum toxin, black widow spider venom, and curare |
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Which of the following neurotransmitters is a monoamine? |
serotonin |
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Cell bodies of neurons that release dopamine are concentrated in the |
midbrain |
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The mesolimbic dopamine system is highly implicated in |
reinforcement and reward. |
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Of the following pairs of drugs that affect the dopamine neurotransmitter system, _______ is an antagonist, and _______ is an agonist. |
chlorpromazine : amphetamine |
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Amphetamine |
reverses the transport molecules for norepinephrine. |
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Cocaine's mechanism of action for norepinephrine is the same as its mechanism of action for |
dopamine and serotonin |
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Dopamine is commonly implicated in |
schizophrenia and drug addiction |
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An excess of dopamine is associated with all of the following except |
inability to initiate movement. |
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________ is neurotransmitter implicated in the regulate of pain and sleep. |
Serotonin |
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Most neurons that secrete serotonin have their cell bodies in the |
brain stem. |
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Which of the following is true of Prozac? |
it is an agonist for serotonin |
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____ is an hallucinogenic drug that appears to exert its effects through the serotonin system. |
LSD |
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Glutamate and GABA are |
amino acids. |
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________ is a principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and _____ is the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. |
Glutamate : GABA |
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A major action of PCP is that it acts on the ____ receptor complex as an ______. |
glutamate : indirect antagonist |
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GABA agonists are commonly prescribed to treat |
epilepsy |
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GABA _____ in the postsynaptic membrane. |
causes IPSPs |
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Barbiturates' effects are similar to those of alcohol in that barbiturates affect |
both GABA and the glutamate neurotransmitter systems. |
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Picrotoxin acts as _____ to the GABA neurotransmitter system. |
an indirect antagonist |
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The goal of lesion studies is to |
discover what functions are performed by different regions of the brain. |
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______ are lesion methods more likely to produce collateral damage when targeting a specific brain structure. |
Aspiration and electrical current |