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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the key functions of the oral cavity? (5) |
- ingestion - sensory analysis - lubrication - mechanical processing - initiates chemical digestion |
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What enzymes are secreted in the oral cavity? |
Salivary amylase Lingual lipase |
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How does lubrication happen in the oral cavity? |
Saliva moistens and lubricates materials in the mouth |
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How does sensory analysis happen? Where? |
Saliva dissolves chemicals that stimulate taste buds and provide sensory info Oral cavity |
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What informs what we voluntarily ingest? |
Sensory analysis |
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What is the secondary function of saliva, after lubrication? |
Provides a fluid that enzymes can travel through. Chemical digestion. |
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What parts of the oral cavity are involved in mechanical digestion? What is this also known as? |
- teeth - tounge - palatale surfaces Mastication. |
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What does the palate separate? What is another helpful aspect of the palate? |
The oral cavity from the nasal cavity. Helps in mechanical digestion/mastication by being a rough surface that the tongue can manipulate food against. |
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What are the 2 parts of the pharynx that food moves through, and to what? |
The oropharynx The laryngopharynx to the oesophagus |
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What is a fancy word for swallowing? |
Deglutition |
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What are the 3 phases of deglutition? |
1. buccal phase 2. pharyngeal phase 3. oesophageal phase Voluntary at first but once initiated can't be stopped! |
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What is the oesophagus lined with and why? |
Stratified squamous epithelium Because it is an area of high friction |
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What glands exist within the oesophagus? |
Mucous glands to reduce friction along with the stratified squamous epithelium |
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What are the 4 major roles of the stomach? |
1. Chemical digestion 2. Mechanical processing 3. Absorption 4. Storage of food |
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What is chyme? |
The liquid gastric secretions + partially digested good that is ejected from the stomach into the small intestine |
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What is the stomach lined with? |
Simple columnar epithelium. |
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What is the pH in the stomach? |
Very acidic. 1.5-2.0. |
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What does the epithelium in the stomach contain? |
Gastric glands that secrete: Chief cells & parietal cells. |
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What do parietal cells do? |
Secrete: intrinsic factor & hydrochloric acid (Hcl). |
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What does hydrochloric acid do? (HCl) (4) |
- provides the perfect acidity for gastrin to work - denatures proteins (and enzymes) - breaks down cell walls + connective tissue - provides a defence against infection |
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What do chief cells do? |
Secrete pepsinogen (inactive pepsin), & pepsin aids in protein digestion. (pepsinogen is converted within the stomach) |
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What do G cells do in the stomach? |
Secret Gastrin |
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What do D cells do in the stomach? |
Hormone control Secret somatostatin (which inhibits gastrin) |
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What happens to amylase in the stomach? |
It is denatured by stomach acids, effectively turned "off" for now and can't do anything with any carbs |
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What are the three regions of the small intestine? |
DUODENUM JEJUNUM ILEUM |
DONT JUMP IN |
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What is the main role of the small intestine, and what 4 things are involved here? |
Absorption Monosaccharides (carbs at smallest form) Amino acids (proteins) Fatty acids + monoglycerides (lipids) Alcochol |
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What is the purpose of motility in the small intestine? (3) |
- Mixes chyme with intestine juice, bile + pancreatic juice - Churns chime to increase contact with mucosa + aid absorption - Moves residue towards intestine |
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What is segmentation? What does it allow? |
- cycles of contraction without a set pattern like peristalsis but without movement forward - enhances digestion and absorption (mixing & rotating what is touching the wall) |
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What is received by the duodenum? |
Chyme from the stomach Digestive secretions from pancreas and liver |
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What takes place in the jejunum? (2) |
– Chemical digestion – Nutrient absorption |
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When does the ileum end? |
At the illeocal valve, which controls the flow of chyme into the large intestine |
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What is the lining of the small intestine? (2) What is secreted here? |
- simple columnar epithelium - microvilli mucous, brush boarder enzymes (enteropeptidase = switches on all enzymes) |
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What glands are found in the small intestine? |
Intestinal glands that produce hormones. Duh. |
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What do the lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine do? |
Absorb fatty acids |
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What are the main roles of the large intestine? (3) |
1. Reabsorption (water, bile salts) 2. Absorption (10% nutrients) 3. Compaction (& storage of fecal matter) |
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What is the order of anatomy in the large intestine? |
Large bowel Cecum Colon Rectum |
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What are the pouches called along the large intestine? |
Haustra |
Poo houses! |
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What is the role of the rectum? Anal canal next. |
To be an expandable organ for the temporary housing of feces & the movement of feces into the rectum stimulates the urge to defecate |
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What are the two sphincters within the anal canal? Give the muscle type. |
Internal anal sphincter - smooth muscles. External anal sphincter - skeletal muscles |
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How does the large intestine differ from the small intestine? (3) |
1. Much smoother - lacks villi 2. Many mucous cells to lubricate feces 3. Doesn't produce enzymes |
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What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract? (5) |
1. Liver 2. pancreas 3. tongue 4. salivary glands 5. gall bladder |
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What are the three important vessels of the liver? |
1. Hepatic artery. Brings O2 blood to the liver. 2. Hepatic vein. Takes lowO2 blood away from liver. 3. Hepatic portal. Brings lowO2 nutrient-laden blood from digestive organs direct to liver. |
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Describe the hepatic portal system. |
Blood from the stomach, small intestine & large intestine goes directly to the liver & not the heart. |
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What are the functions of the liver? (5) |
1. Detoxification of toxins + drugs 2. Removes damaged/old RBC 3. Carbohydrate, amino acid + lipid metabolism 4. Storage of glycogel, vitamins + minerals 5. Synthesis of bile, lipoproteins + plasma proteins |
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Where is the pancreas in the body? |
Lies posterior to the stomach, bound to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity |
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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? (2) |
Release: insulin & glucagon |
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What is the exocrine role of the pancreas? (1 role, 4 parts) |
to secrete pancreatic juices, which contain: – Alpha-amylase – Lipase – Nucleases – Proteases, Peptidases & neutralise stomach acids |
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What duct does the gall bladder and liver share? |
The cystic duct. Gall bladder concentrates the bile salts that the liver producers |
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What is the role of the gall bladder? |
1. stores + concentrates bile 2. releases bile into the duodenum |
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What control mechanisms exist in saliva? |
- lysosomes & antibodies for bacterial control |
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What are the issues with the digestive system as we age? (5) |
1. Division of epithelium slows, abraision more likley 2. Smooth muscle tone + motility decreases (peristalsis weaker) 3. Cummulative damage from toxins (alcohol) 4. Colon cancer + stomach increase 5. Decline in olfactory + gustatory sensitivity (diet changes then lead to digestive issues) |
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