Biol 697: Stem Cell Biology, Exam 2

Front 1

CD26 / dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV)

Back 1

An enzyme that truncates and inactivates certain chemokines including Sdf1 / Cxc112, and selective growth factors thus inactivating them. When DPPIV is inhibited, the effects of the cytokines are enhanced.

Front 2

Chemokine

Back 2

A family of cytokines originally defined by their chemo-attractant properties, but having additional functional activity on cells.

Front 3

Cord blood transplantation

Back 3

Infusion of umbilical cord blood containing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells into recipients to replace the blood stem system.

Front 4

Cryopreservation

Back 4

The means to preserve cells long-term by placing them at very low temperature for prolonged periods of time, in order to eventually defrost and recover the cells in a full physiologically and metabolically active state.

Front 5

Cytokine

Back 5

Biologically active molecule that occurs naturally and influences the survival, proliferation, migration, or other aspects of immature or mature cells.

Front 6

Hematopoietic progenitor cell

Back 6

The progeny of a stem cell that has little or no self-renewal capacity, but is committed to produce matrue blood cell types of one or more lineages (like granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, etc.).

Front 7

Hematopoietic stem cell

Back 7

A cell that can reproduce itself (self-renew) and give rise to all the blood-forming tissue.

Front 8

AGM region

Back 8

Aorto-gonad mesonephros region; the first site of intraembryonic hematopoiesis and the site of origine of hematopoietic stem cells that can function in the adult.

Front 9

Hemangioblast

Back 9

Common progenitor of both hematopoietic and endothelial lineage; found in the yolk sac blood islands and on the floor of the dorsal aorta in early development. Not sure if they are found in adult marrow.

Front 10

Hematopoietic stem cell

Back 10

Self-renewing primitive cell capable of generating all blood cell lineages, including lymphoid and myeloid populations.

Front 11

Progenitor cells

Back 11

Lineage-restricted primitive hematopoietic and lymphoid precursors, generated from the pluripotent stem cell, but with no self-renewal potential.

Front 12

Yolk sac blood islands

Back 12

First site of both primitive and definitive hematopoietic development in mammals.

Front 13

Embryoid bodies

Back 13

Cystic teratoma-like structures consisting of semi-organized tissues representing all three embryonic germ layers.

Front 14

Hemangioblast (blast colony forming cell, BL-CFC)

Back 14

Embryonic cell representing a common progenitor of both the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages.

Front 15

Primitive hematopoiesis

Back 15

Primitive hematopoiesis is the first wave of embryonic blood development that occurs in the yolk sac and generates nucleated erythrocytes that express embryonic globins.

Front 16

Definitive hematopoiesis

Back 16

The wave of hematopoiesis that occurs in the para-aortic region of the developing embryo and generates mature myeloid and lymphoid lineages for the life of the organism.

Front 17

BFU-E

Back 17

Burst forming unit-erythroid, the earliest known erythroid precursor cell that eventually differentiates into erythrocytes.

Front 18

CFU-E

Back 18

Colony forming unit-erythroid, a late erythroid precursor cell (after the BFU-E) that eventually differentiates into erythrocytes.

Front 19

Embryoid bodies (EBs)

Back 19

Cystic aggregates of ES cells when plated in ultra-low surface culture plastics and allowed to differentiate resulting in semi-organized tissues representing all three germ layers.

Front 20

Hemangioblast

Back 20

A common progenitor for both hematopoietic and vascular lineages.

Front 21

FACS

Back 21

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (AKA flow-cytometry).
A technology that combines detection of fluorescent indicator molecules with the physical isolation of single cells that are labeled with the fluorescent molecules and thus allows for the separation of cell populations, including the isolation of stem cells.

Front 22

Hematopoietic progenitor cell

Back 22

A type of cell found in bone marrow and other tissues that have lost the potential for self-renewal, but is still multipotent.

Front 23

Hematopoietic stem cell

Back 23

A type of cell found in the bone marrow and other tissues that possesses the defining characteristics of self-renewal and multipotency.

Front 24

Spleen colony-forming assay

Back 24

An assay that detected the presence of HSCs after injection into an irradiated subject.
Originally we didn't know if the growths seen were from a single cell so we said that the growths originated from "CFU-S" (colony-forming units-spleen).

Front 25

Supravital fluorescent probe

Back 25

A fluorescent molecule that can enter a living cell and bind to a specific subcellular component (think DNA, organelle, etc.) and thus be used in techniques like FACS.

Front 26

Biomaterials

Back 26

Any natural or synthetic materials that interface with living tissue and / or biological fluids.

Front 27

Cell therapy

Back 27

The transplantation of cells from various sources to replace or repair damaged tissue and / or cells.

Front 28

Differentiation

Back 28

The developmental process in which cells change their genetic programs to become more restricted in their potential and to mature into functional cells of various tissues and organs.

Front 29

Embryonic stem cells

Back 29

Cells derived from the embryo that can self-renew and give rise to all the cells of the adult organism.

Front 30

Scaffold

Back 30

A porous structure typically made out of degradable polymers within which cells are seeded. These provide geometrical structure for cells to reorganize and from 3D multicellular tissues.

Front 31

Tissue engineering

Back 31

The interdisciplinary field that applies the principle of engineering and the life science toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.

Front 32

Biomimetic

Back 32

Human-made processes, substances, devices, or systems that imitate nature.

Front 33

Bioreactor

Back 33

An apparatus designed for the ex vivo construction of tissue or organ-like structures that provides appropriate 3D orientation and nutrition to cells that are seeded within it. Current designs may also include the application of appropriate physiological stresses to condition the construct for better performance upon in vivo transplantation.

Front 34

Scaffold

Back 34

A temporary or permanent framework used to support cell growth and differentiation that may be natural or synthetic and may or may not include morphogens and / or growth factors that influence the pattern of proliferation and differentiation.

Front 35

Tissue engineering

Back 35

A field that encompasses multiple and diverse disciplines to use cells, materials, and bioactive factors in various combinations, to restore and even improve tissue structure and function.

Front 36

Bone marrow-derived hepatocyte

Back 36

An engrafted hepatocyte with a chromosomal or expression marker that identifies it as possessing genetic material from a (usually transplanted) bone marrow cell;
can be the product of hematopoietic cell / hepatocyte fusion event, differentiation by a hematopoietic progenitor with hepatic lineage potential, or differentiation by a hepatic-committed marrow resident progenitor.

Front 37

Liver stem cell

Back 37

A poorly characterized cell proposed as the precursor of oval cells, or to comprise the most primitive subset of oval cells;
the term is also used to refer broadly to all liver progenitor cells.

Front 38

Oval cell

Back 38

A small cell with an oval-shaped nucleus and a high nuclear / cytoplasmic size ratio that emerges in the portal zone under conditions of chronic liver damage;
can differentiate into the hepatocyte or bile duct epithelial lineages and thus is a bipotential liver progenitor.

Front 39

Pancreatic liver stem cell

Back 39

A cell located in the pancreas that can generate hepatocytes to support liver repair upon transplantation;
may be a bipotential hepato-pancreatic precursor or an extrahepatic progenitor committed to hepatic differentiation.

Front 40

Genetic lineage tracing

Back 40

The use of permanent labeling, usually DNA recombination, to mark a defined cellular population and trace its progeny.

Front 41

Neurogenin3

Back 41

A transcription factor expressed in endocrine progenitor cells of the embryonic pancreas.

Front 42

Pdx1

Back 42

Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene-1;
a transcription factor essential for pancreas development.
During embryongenesis, Pdx1 is expressed in stem / progenitor cells, giving rise to all cell types in the adult pancreas.
During prenatal life, its expression becomes restricted to beta cells.

Front 43

MuSC

Back 43

Muscle stem cells;
mononucleate cells that function to regenerate damaged myofibers through a process of proliferation, followed by subsequent fusion with existing or nascent myofibers.

Front 44

Myofiber

Back 44

Large, multinucleate cells that contain a contractile apparatus, composed primarily of actin and myosin family proteins, to facilitate movement.
Muscle grups are composed of bundles of myofibers.

Front 45

Satellite cell

Back 45

An anatomical designation of a mononuclear cell that sits on a myofiber juxtaposed to the plasma membrane of the myofiber, yet is ensheathed by the basal lamina membrane, which also surrounds the myofiber.

Front 46

Cardiac hypertrophy

Back 46

Cellular response of cardiac cells to an increas in biomechanical stimui, characterized by increased cell size, enhanced protein synthesis and sarcomere organization.
Prolonged maladaptive hypertrophy is associated with heart failure.

Front 47

Fibrosis

Back 47

Formation of fibrous scar tissue after damage of an organ, with complete substitution of the cells constituting the organ with collagenous material.
Extended fibrosis leads to organ impairment and loss of functionality.

Front 48

Regeneration

Back 48

Capacity of certain adult vertebrates to repair damaged organs in a well-defined spatial and temporal plan that reconstitutes the original organ.

Front 49

Stem cell

Back 49

A cell capable of indefinite self-renewal and differentiation into diverse and contextually specific cell lineages.

Front 50

Beta cell

Back 50

Insulin-producing cell contained within pancreatic islets.

Front 51

Islet neogenesis

Back 51

Generation of new pancreatic islets from precursor cells.

Front 52

Islet transplantation

Back 52

Transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets with the intent of curing diabetes.