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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sensory division of PNS
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1. somatic sensory (skin)
2. visceral sensory (stomach) |
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motor division of PNS
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1. somatic NS - voluntary motor (skeletal muscle)
2. autonomic NS - involuntary visceral motor (cardiac/smooth muscle, glands) -Sympathetic division -parasympathetic division |
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sympathetic division
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division of ANS
mobilizes body systems during activity ex: heart muscle |
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parasympathetic division
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division of ANS
conserves energy; promotoes housekeeping fxns during rest ex: bladder |
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regeneration of peripheral nerves
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1. axon fragmented at injury site
2. macrophages clean out 3. AXON SPROUTS (filaments) grow through REGENERATION TUBE formed by SCHWANN CELLS 4. new myelin sheath formed |
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classes of sensory receptor cells: stimulus type
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1. mechanoreceptors (mechanical force)
2. thermoreceptors (temp) 3. photoreceptors (light) 4. chemoreceptors (chem) 5. nociceptors (tissue damage/pain) |
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classes of sensory receptor cells: location of receptor/stimulus
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1. exteroreceptors (outside body)
2. interoreceptors (within body) 3. proprioreceptors (internal stretch receptors) |
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classes of sensory receptor cells: structural type
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1. simple receptors - general sensory receptors
2. complex receptors - special sense organs |
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unencapsulated general sensory receptors (3)
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1. free nerve endings
2. tactile discs (Merkel discs) 3. hair follicle receptors |
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encapsulateed general sensory receptors (6)
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1. Meissner's corpuscles (tactile)
2. Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated) 3. ruffini endings 4. muscle spindles 5. golgi tendon organs 6. joint kinesthetic receptors |
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free nerve endings of sensory neurons
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(unencapsulated general)
L: extero, intero, and proprio S: thermo, chemo, mechano, nociceptors in body: most BT; dense CT; epithelia |
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modified free nerve endings; Tactile discs (Merkel discs)
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(unencapsulated general)
L: extero S: mechano in body: basal layer of epidermis |
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hair follicle receptors
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(unencapsulated general)
L: extero S: mechano in body: in/surrounding hair follicles |
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Meissner's corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)
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(capsulated general)
L: extero S: Mechano in body: dermal papillae of hairless skin |
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Pacinian corpuscles (lamellated corpuscles)
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(capsulated general)
L: extero, intero, proprio S: mechano body: dermis/hypodermis; tendons, ligaments... |
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Ruffini endings
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(capsulated general)
L: extero and proprio S: mechano body: deep in dermis/hypodermis, joint capsules |
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muscle spindles
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(capsulated general)
L: proprioreceptors S: mechano body: skel muscle |
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golgi tendon organs
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(capsulated general)
L: proprio S: mechano body: tendons |
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joint kinesthetic receptors
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(encapsulated general)
L: proprio S: mechano and nociceptors body: joint capsules of synovial joints |
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sensation at receptor level (criteria)
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1. type of stimuli (specificity)
2. receptive field 3.energy --> receptor potential --> threshold |
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tonic receptors
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provide sustained response to stimuli
ex: nociceptors and most proprioceptors |
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phasic receptors
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quickly adaptive; send short bursts;
only send info when stimulus strength changes ex: Pacinian and Meissner's corpuscles |
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Circuit level (sensory processing)
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1st order-->2nd and 3rd order neurons
via reticular formation (of thalamus) to cerebellum and somatosensory cortex |
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Perceptual level (sensory processing)
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in cerebral cortex
1. perceptual detection (quality and pattern) 2. Sensation (spatial discr. and magnitude of freq of AP's and # receptors activated) |
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Pathway of reflex arcs
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1. stimulus-->receptor
2. sensory(AP)-->CNS 3. sensory(AP)-->motor neuron 4.motor(AP)-->effector 5. effector organ-->response |
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spinal reflexes
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somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord (brain not required)
1. stretch reflex 2. golgi tendon reflex 3. flexor reflex 4. crossed-extensor reflex |
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muscle spindle composition
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noncontractile centers
-wrapped in sensory nerve endings (detect stretch) contractile ends -activated by gamma-motor neurons (adjust spindle length) |
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stretch reflex
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muscle STRETCH is detected by spindles
primary sensory--->CNS ex: knee jerk |
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crossed extensor reflex
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stimulus-->one side of body flexes, one side extends
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olfactory nerve I
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nasal epithelium-->cribriform plate-->olfactory bulb (to frontal lobe)
sensory-smell (olfactory receptor cells) |
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optic nerve II
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retina-->optic canal-->optic tract (to thalamus-->visual cortex)
sensory-vision (retinal photoreceptors) |
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oculomotor nerve III
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midbrain-->sup orbital fissure-->eye muscles (to pons)
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trochlear nerve IV
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midbrain-->sup orbital fissuree-->one eye muscle (to pons)
somatic motor-sup oblique muscle sensory-proprioreceptive feedback |
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trigeminal opthalmic division (V1)
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anterior scalp/superior face-->sup orbital fissure->pons
somatosensory-forehead, nose, eyelid, and cornea (trigeminal ganglion) |
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trigeminal maxillary division (V2)
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central face-->foramen rotundum-->pons
somatosensory-upper palate, jaw, lip, cheek, nasal cavity (trigeminal ganglion) |
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trigeminal mandibular division (V3)
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inferior face-->foramen ovale-->pons
somatic motor-chewing muscles (temporalis, pterygoids, masseter, digastric) somatosensory-jower jaw, chin, tongue (trigeminal ganglion) sensory-proprioreceptive feedback |
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abducens nerve VI
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pons-->sup orbital fissure-->one eye muscle (most lateral)
somatic motor-lateral rectus muscle damage=internal strabismus |
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facial nerve VII
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pons-->internal acoustic meatus-->muscles and glands of face
SM-superficial skeletal muscles of forehead, eyes, lips, jaw (expression, blinking) AM- nasal and lacrimal glands (pterygopalatine gang.) Sensory-taste buds (geniculate ganglion); proprioceptive feedback |
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vestibulocochlear VIII
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ear-->internal acoustic meatus-->to pons (to cortex)
sensory: cochlear branch- sound from chochlea (spiral gang) vest. branch- equil. from bestibule/semicircular canals (vestibular gang) |
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glossopharyngeal nerve IX
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medulla oblongata-->jugular foramen-->tongue,throat
SM- activates tongue (speech) and pharynx (swallowing) AM-parotid salivary gland (otic gang.) Sensory- tastebuds from back tongue, carotid sinus, somatosensory from pharynx (superior/inferior ganglia) |
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vagus X
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medulla-->jugular foramen-->throughout thorax/abdomen
SM- larynx (speaking), pharynx (swallowing) AM- parasympathetic control: heart, lungs, dig. tract, excretory organs (dispersed gang) Sensory- visceral sensory afferents from carotid artery, aorta, dig. tract, post. taste buds (sup/inf gang); proprioceptive feedback from neck |
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accessory nerve XI
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spinal rootlets (C1-C5)-->jugular foramen-->neck
SM-trapezius, sternocleidomastoid Sensory- proprioceptive feedback |
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hyoglossal nerve XII
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medulla-->hypoglossal canal-->tongue
SM-tongue muscles (mixing food, swallowing, speech) sensory- proprioceptive feedback |
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motor cranial nerves (4)
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oculomotor III
abducens VI accessory XI hypoglossal XII |
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sensory cranial nerves (5)
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olfactory I
optic II V1 and V2 vestibulocochlear VIII |
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mixed cranial nerves (4)
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V3
facial VII glossopharyngeal IX vagus X |
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cranial nerves with autonomic AND somatic motor functions
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oculomotor III
facial VII glossopharyngeal IX vagus X |
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cranial nerves with somatosensory function
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V(1-3)
facial VII glossopharyngeal IX |
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pathway of sympathetic neuron
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CNS-->lightly myelinated axon-->ganglion/adrenal medulla-->unmyelinated axon/blood vessel-->NE-->+/- effect
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pathway of parasympathetic neuron
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CNS-->lightly myelinated axon---->ganglion-->unmyelinated axon-->ACh-->+/- effect
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pathway of somatic nervous system
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CNS-->heavily myelinated axon-->releases ACh at skeletal muscle-->+ effect
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nerves and ganglia/plexuses of parasympathetic division
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oculomotor III-->cilliary gang.
facial VII-->pterygopalatine/ submandibular gang. glossopharyngeal IX-->otic gang. vagus X-->cardiac/ pulmonary/ esophageal/celiac plexuses plevic splanchnic nerves-->hypogastic plexus |
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pathway for sympathetic neuron synapse: same level
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ventral root--> ventral ramus--> white ramus communicans--> sympathetic trunk gang.--> gray ramus communicans-->effector
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pathway for sympathetic neuron synapse: higher/lower level
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ventral root--> ventral ramus--> gray ramus communicans--> sympathetic gang--> sympathetic trunk--> gray communicans--> effector
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pathway for sympathetic neuron synapse: distant collateral ganglion ANTERIOR to column
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ventral root--> ventral ramus--> white ramus communicans--> sympathetic gang.--> splanchnic nerve-->collateral ganglion-->target organ
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cholinergic receptors for ACh
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1. Nicotinic (neuromuscular jxn, post-gang. neurons, adrenal medulla)
2. muscarinic (all other targets) |
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accessory eye structures
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tarsal plates
tarsal glands (lubrication) conjuctival membrane (inside of eyelid and white of eye) conjucntival sac (lubricating mucous) |
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superficial eye structures
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palpebrae (eyelids)
eyelashes lacrimal caruncle with sebaceous glands |
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lacrimal apparatus
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lacrimal gland releases dilute tears
drained by lacrimal canaliculi-->lacrimal sac-->nasal cavity *lubricates, antibiotic |
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saccades
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fast directed movements
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fibrous tunic
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outermost eye layer (dense CT)
white sclera with clear cornea in front (with epithelia and nociceptors) |
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vascular tunic (uvea)
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middle eye layer
ciliary body and zonule choroid (BVs) iris (smooth mus) |
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sensory tunic (retina)
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innermost layer with photorec
pigmented layer--> photorec--> bipolar cells--> ganglion cells also horizontal and amacrine cells |
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cones
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posterior retina (none in ant)
density declines laterally bright light, color vision, precise |
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rods
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anterior retina (not post)
dim light, peripheral vision, fuzzy |
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macula lutea
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oval region at posterior pole; contains fovea centralis
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refraction
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bending of light as it passes through objects of DIFF densities
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lenses
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transp objects with curved surfaces to refract light at precice angles
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convex lenses
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focus light at a focal point; image reversed
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emmetropic eye
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distant vision; relaxed ciliary muscles; thin lens
SNS |
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mechanisms for close vision (3)
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1. accomodation of lenses
2. constriction of pupils (PSNS; accomodation pupillary reflex) 3. convergence of eyeballs |
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myopic eye
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nearsighted; eyeball too long; focal point in front of retina
correction=concave lense |
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hyperopic eye
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farsighted; eyeball too short; focal point behind retina
correction=convex lenses |