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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
R |
Exponential, how fast population can grow, >0=inc <0=dec, =0 stabilizing |
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Lambda |
Geometric, ratio from t+1 to t, >1 inc, <1 dec, =1 stable |
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Semelparpus species |
Reproduce once in a lifetime |
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Iteroperpus species |
Multiple bouts of reproduction |
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R selection |
High population growth rates, low pop density, quick growing offspring, short lifespan, low parental investment |
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K selection |
Slower increase, in populations approaching K, greater density, long lived, slower development, heavy parental investment, high food conversion efficiency |
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Disturbance |
Factor that destroys biomass |
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Stress |
External abiotic factor that limits vegetative growth |
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Competitive plants |
Thrive in low stress low disturbance, slow growing, competitive dominants ex birch trees |
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Ruderals |
Thrive in high stress high disturbance, short lifespan, quick growth, heavy seed investment, seeds survive in ground for a long time, fast growing good dispersal ex dandelions or other weeds |
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Stress tolerant plants |
High stress low disturbance, slow growth, slow nutrient use, low water/food/extreme environment ex ivies |
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Clutch size |
Number of eggs per reproductive bout |
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Lack clutch size |
Max # of offspring parent can successfully raise |
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Dispersal |
Reduces competitive effects, organisms can reach new areas with new resources, possibly escape areas with high mortality |
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Dormancy |
Suspended growth development where organism can survive unfavourable conditions, suited for smaller organisms that invest less metabolic energy |
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Niche shift in life cycle changes |
Les Time in specific function/habitat which means less time in vulnerable space |
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Population dynamics equation |
N+B+I-D-E |
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Why are smaller populations at a higher risk for extinction? |
Less individuals to recover/respond, nor susceptible to environmental/demographic stochasticy, harmful alleles can exist at higher frequency, inbreeding |
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Demographic stochasticity |
Chance changes related to reproductions/survival of organism, more chance to occur to larger pop, causes allele effects in small pop, reverse to beliefs that r/lambda increase with decreasing density, b/d rate may be constant but fates of Individuals differ |
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Environmental stochasticity |
Erratic/unpredictable changes in environment, risk for extinction |
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Meta populations |
Interesting populations due to dispersal, sources=where individuals leave, dink’s=where they go it |
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Reason for extinction |
Patchiness of habitat might make dispersal difficult, environmental conditions can change unpredictably |
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Dp/dt=co(1-p-ep |
P=proportion of occupied habitat patches at time t, e/c = ratio of extinction to colonization |
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E/c |
<1 for metapopulation to exist, isolation may decrease c, pop reduction may increase e |
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Rescue effect |
Higher rates of immigration protect declining population |
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Interspecific Competition |
Competition between different species |
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Intraspecific competition |
Competition between same species |
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Fundamental niche |
Full set of resources of a species |
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Realized niche |
Restricted set of conditions species is limited to |
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Exploitation Competition |
Individuals reduce supply of shared resources as they use it |
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Interference Competition |
One species DIRECTLY interferes with another |
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Allelopathy |
Individuels release toxin to harm others, only a theory |
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Amensalism |
One is harmed other is not affected |
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Competitive exclusion |
Dominant species causes inferior species to go extinct |
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Fugitive species |
Must disperse to take advantage of dispersion |
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Parasatoids |
Lay eggs in another organism ex wasp |
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Generalist |
If prey encounter rate is low |
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Specialist |
If prey encounter rate is high |
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Ectoparasites |
Live outside, pros=dispersal, safe from immune system, cons=exposed to elements/predators, difficult feeding |
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Endo parasites |
Inside body, pros=easy feeding, protected, cons=immune system, difficult dispersal |
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Parasites.. |
Feed specialize in which shot they feed on, hosts can be affected by multiple parasites |
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Critical threshold density |
S>m/b, m= combined death/recovery rate(both temple parasite from cycle) b=transmission coefficient |
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Decrease threshold by... |
culling or immunizing |
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Facilitation |
Benefit of at least one organism ex endosymbionts enhance succès of corals and sea anemones, Cora provides algae with shelter and algae provides nutrients (carbs,amino acids, glycerol)
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Foundation species |
Provides habitat for millions |
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Trade offs |
Number of offspring/offspring size, number of offspring/offspring survival, number of offspring/parental survival, number of offspring/growth rates |
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Competitive exclusion principle |
Two competing species can not coexist indefinitely |
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Resource partitioning |
Species use resources in different ways ex Galapagos finches |
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Character displacement |
Shift in phenotypes over time |
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Pathogen coevolution |
Hosts can become more resistant and pathogen less virulent |
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Obligate interaction |
Necessary for each species , coevolution ex fig wasp |
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Facultative relationship |
Not required for either species ex nurse plants provide shade |
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Relative neighbour effect (RNE) |
Target specie growth with neighbour present - with neighbour removed |
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Trop hic mutualism |
Mutualiste receive energy ex lead cutter ants and fungi |
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Habitat mutualism |
One partner gets shelter ex pistol shrimp and goby fish |