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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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a condition caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in which the body’s T-helper cells are reduced, leaving the victim subject to opportunistic diseases.
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Aerobic respiration
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in the presence of oxygen; requiring oxygen.
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Alternation of generations
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the succession of multicellular haploid and diploid phases in some sexually reproducing organisms, notably plants.
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Antibody
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one of the myriad proteins produced by the immune system that specifically binds to a foreign substance in blood or other tissue fluids and initiates its removal from the body.
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Asexual reproduction
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reproduction without sex.
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Autotroph
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an organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and some energy source such as sunlight (photoautotrophs) or chemically reduced matter.
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Bacteriophage
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any of a groups of viruses that infects bacteria.
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Bioluminescence
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the production of light by biochemical processes in an organism.
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Bioremediation
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the use by humans of other organisms to remove contaminants from the environment.
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Blade
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the thin, flat portion of a leaf.
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Virus
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any of a group of ultramicroscopic particles constructed of nucleic acid and protein (and, sometimes, lipid) that require living cells in order to reproduce.
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Virulence
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the ability of a pathogen to cause disease and death.
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Virion
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the virus particle, the minimum unit capable of infecting a cell.
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Transposable element
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a segment of DNA that can move to, or give rise to copies at, another locus on the same or a different chromosome.
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Thermophile
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an organism that lives exclusively in hot environments.
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Synapomorphy
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a trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present (sometimes in modified form) in all of its members, thus helping to delimit and identify that group.
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Synapomorphy
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Also called a shared derived trait.
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Symbiosis
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living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate relationship.
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Sporophyte
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in plants and protists with alternation of generations, the diploid phase that produces the spores.
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Sexual reproduction
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reproduction involving the union of gametes.
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Sessile
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permanently attached; not able to move from one place to another.
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Seeding
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a plant that has just completed the process of germination.
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Sedimentary Rocks
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rock formed by the accumulation of sediment grains on the bottom of a body of water.
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Secondary endosymbiosis
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the engulfment of a photosynthetic eukaryote by another eukaryotic cell that gives rise to certain groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Reverse transcriptase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the production of DNA (cDNA), using RNA as a template; essentials to the reproduction of retroviruses.
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Retrovirus
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an RNA virus that contains reverse transcriptase. Its RNA serves as a template for cDNA production, and the cDNA is integrated into a chromosome of the host cell.
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Primary producer
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a photosynthetic or chemosynthetic organism that synthesizes complex organic molecules from simple inorganic ones.
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Primary endosymbiosis
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the engulfment of a cyanobacterium by a larger eukaryotic cell that gave rise to the first photosynthetic eukaryotes with chloroplasts.
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Plasmid
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a DNA molecule distinct from the chromosome(s); that is, an extrachromosomal element; found in many bacteria. May replicate independently of the chromosome.
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Plankton
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free-floating small aquatic organism. Photosynthetic members of the plankton are referred to as phytoplankton.
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Peptidoglycan
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the cell wall material of many bacteria, consisting of a single enormous molecule that surrounds the entire cell.
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Pathogen
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an organism that causes disease.
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Parasite
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an organism that consumes parts of an organism much larger than itself.
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Paraphyletic
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pertaining to a group that consists of an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.
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Capsid
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the outer shell of a virus that encloses its nucleic acid.
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Cell wall.-
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a relatively rigid structure that encloses cells of plants, fungi, intracellular viruses, and foreign tissues.
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Chemolithotroph
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an organism that uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source and obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances from its environment; also called chemoautotroph.
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Cilium
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hairlike organelle used for locomotion by many unicellular organisms and for moving water and mucus by many multicellular organisms. Generally shorter than a flagellum.
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Complementary DNA (cDNA)
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DNA formed by reverse transcriptase acting with an RNA template; essential intermediate in the reproduction of retroviruses; used as a tool in recombinant DNA technology; lacks introns.
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Decomposer
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an organism that metabolizes organic compounds in debris and dead organisms, releasing inorganic material; found among the bacteria, protists, and fungi.
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Endomembrane system
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a system of intrecellular membranes that exchange material with one another, consisting of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes when present.
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Endosymbiosis theory
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the theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via the engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by another.
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