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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the four general classes of molecular components of living cells?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
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When polymers of any class are extremely large, they are called ________.
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Macromolecules
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Living cells contain large polymers of all classes except:
a) carbohydrates b) lipids c) proteins d) nucleic acids |
b) Lipids
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Carbohydrates are sugars and their polymers. What are the simplest sugars called?
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Monosaccharides
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Most common biological monosaccharides contain either ___, ____, or ____ carbon atoms.
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3, 5, 6
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Example of a monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms.
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Gyceraldehyde, C3H6O3
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Example of a monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms.
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Ribose
C5H10O5 |
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Example of a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms.
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Glucose, fructose, galactose
C6H12O6 |
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Disaccharides are sugars made of of two joined ________.
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Monosaccharides
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Is sucrose a disaccharide?
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Yes, made of glucose and fructose monosaccharides.
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Macromolecules with 100's or 1000's of monosaccharide units.
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Polysaccharides
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Made of glucose monomers, used by plants to store surplus glucose.
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Starch
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Made of glucose monomers, used by animals to store glucose, more branched of a structure.
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Glycogen
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Made of glucose monomers, but a different anomeric form of glucose. Major component of plant cell walls.
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Cellulose
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Made of N-acetylglucosamine monomers. Component of arthropod exoskeletons.
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Chitin
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Bonds formed between monosaccharide units are the result of one kind of reaction?
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Dehydration or condensation reaction.
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This reaction involves loss of a water molecule, and bonds all monomer units together
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Dehydration reaction
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This reaction involves the addition of a water molecule in order to remove monomer units from a polymer.
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Hydrolysis.
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Name of the bond that joins monosaccharide units
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Glycosidic bond
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True or False: Most lipids are hydrophilic
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False. Most lipids are hydrophobic
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Contain a long hydrocarbon chain with an acid carboxyl group at one end.
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Fatty acid
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In palmitic acid (a fatty acid), which part of the molecule is hydrophilic: the carboxyl group or the carbon chain?
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Carboxyl group
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Unsaturated bond
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When carbons do not contain max # of H atoms.
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Contain a molecule of glycerol, but do not contain a carboxyl group
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Neutral Fats (or Fats)
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What is the difference between mono, di and triglyceride?
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Molecule of glycerol of the neutral fat is joined to either 1 (mono), 2, or 3 fatty acid chains.
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Name of the bond between glycerol and the fatty acid
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Ester Linkage
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What are fatty acids' and neutral fats' primary function?
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Energy storage
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What are the fats that include plants and most fish fats.
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Unsaturated Lipids
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Almost all natural unsaturated fats have a _ _ _ double bond.
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Cis
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Why are unsaturated lipids usually liquid at room temperature (oils)?
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The cis double bond creates a kink, which stops the molecules from packing together.
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Include most dietary animal fats, and have no molecular kinks (can pack together tightly).
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Saturated Fats
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Trans fats are unsaturated or saturated fats?
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Unsaturated
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What kind of fat consumed by humans are linked to cardiovascular diseases and are produced b the food processing industry?
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Trans fats
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What does the partial hydrogenation of plant oils cause?
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Double bonds to be saturated by H atoms
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What is a byproduct of hydrogenation of plant oils?
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Rearranging of cis-double bonds to become trans fats instead of saturating with hydrogen atoms.
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Excess trans fat can raise _ _ _ (bad cholesterol) and lower _ _ _ (good cholesterol).
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LDL, HDL
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Saturated animal fats can raise _ _ _ (bad cholesterol) but do not lower _ _ _ (good cholesterol)
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LDL, HDL
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Contain glycerol linked to two fatty acids and one phosphate group.
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Phospholipids
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Consist of carbon atoms arranged in four attached rings - there can be different side chains extended from the rings.
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Steroids
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Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms in a characteristic structure, orange and yellow pigment in plants
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Carotenoids
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Example of a carotenoid
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Beta-Carotene
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Provide structural, storage, or enzymatic functions for cells, and consist of one more more polypeptide chains.
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Proteins
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What is a polypeptide? What is it made of?
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Macromolecule, made of monomer units called amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
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What are the three groups that create the structure of an amino acid?
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An acid group (-COOH), a substituent group, and an amino group (NH2)
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Macromolecules used for the storage and use of genetic information
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Nucleic Acids
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What are the two types of nucleic acids?
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RNA and DNA
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What does RNA stand for?
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ribonucleic acid
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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Polymers of nucleic acids are made of repeating monomer units called ________.
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Nucleotides
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Nucleic acids are made of repeating monomer units called ____________.
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Nucleotides
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What are the three different molecules joined together to form a nucleotide?
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Phosphate
5 Carbon Sugar Nitrogenous Base |
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What are the 5 important nitrogenous bases?
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Adenine
Cytosine Uracil Thymine Guanine |
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Nucleotide polymers are held together by what kind of bonds?
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Phosphodiester bonds
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What reaction forms phosphodiester bonds?
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Dehydration reaction
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