Biol 101 Exam #1 Study Guide

Front 1

Fact

Back 1

Observation that has been repeatedly confirmed

Front 2

Hypothesis

Back 2

tentative statement about a natural phenomenon that can be tested

Front 3

Theory

Back 3

highly probable, well tested explanation of a natural phenomenon based on a large collection of observations and experiments

Front 4

Proximate Causation

Back 4

HOW

Front 5

Ultimate Causation

Back 5

WHY

Front 6

Mutation

Back 6

a random change to a gene

Front 7

Migration

Back 7

genes move from one population to another

Front 8

Genetic Drift

Back 8

random sampling error over generations

Front 9

Fitness

Back 9

the relative contribution of a genotype to the next generation; organisms with high genetic fitness are those favored by natural selection

Front 10

Adaptation

Back 10

traits whose expression increases survival and reproduction

Front 11

Speciation

Back 11

the evolutionary process or even by which a new species arises

Front 12

Vicariance

Back 12

population geographically divided by a physical barrier

Front 13

Dispersal

Back 13

individuals migrate from one area to another

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Taxon

Back 14

any named group of organisms

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Clade

Back 15

natural taxon based on common ancestry

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Cladogram

Back 16

branching diagram of ancestor-descendant relationships

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Sister Taxa

Back 17

descendants of a recent common ancestor

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Synamorphy

Back 18

shared (2 or more taxa) derived character

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Pseudopod

Back 19

temporary projections of eukaryotic cell membranes or unicellular protists

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Cilium

Back 20

a hairlike, vibratile organelle found on many animal cells; could be used for moving particles along the cell surface or for locomotion

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Flagellum

Back 21

whiplike organelle of locomotion

Front 22

Collagen

Back 22

fibrous connective tissue composed of protein

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Spicule

Back 23

skeletal elements

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Spongin

Back 24

fibrous, collagenous material forming the skeletal network of some sponges

Front 25

Ostium

Back 25

incurrent opening to a canal

Front 26

Osculum

Back 26

excurrent opening to a canal

Front 27

Choanocyte

Back 27

"collar cells" that circulate water and trap food (have microvilli collars and flagella); resemble choanoflagellates

Front 28

Erasmus Darwin

Back 28

hypothesized common ancestry of organisms

Front 29

Charles Lyell

Back 29

established uniforitariansim

Front 30

Jean Baptist Lamarck

Back 30

discovered the inheritance of acquired characteristics; transmutation (physical changing) of species

Front 31

Charles Darwin

Back 31

developed theory of natural selection - heritable traits beneficial to the survival are selected and become common in a population

Front 32

Gregor Mendel

Back 32

studied inheritance of traits in peas - genetics; identified dominant versus recessive traits

Front 33

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 33

developed rules for naming species

Front 34

Willi Hennig

Back 34

popularized the idea of phylogenic systematics

Front 35

Lynn Margulis

Back 35

proposed the theory of endosymbiosis

Front 36

Modern Science

Back 36

seeks to explain natural phenomena in natural terms

Front 37

What are the three attributes of science?

Back 37

Testable

Repeatable

Falsifiable

Front 38

Binomial Nomenclatue

Back 38

two names for every species (Genus and species epithet)

Front 39

Hypothetico-Deductive approach

Back 39

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Empirical Test, Conclusion

Front 40

Is evolution a fact or a theory?

Back 40

both

Front 41

Natural Selection

Back 41

heritable traits beneficial to survival are selected and become common in a population

Front 42

Taxonomy

Back 42

the ordering and naming of organisms

Front 43

Phenetics/Evolutionary Taxonomy

Back 43

taxa are defined by physical characteristics

Front 44

Phylogenetic Systematics

Back 44

taxa are defined by common ancestry

Front 45

Monophyletic group

Back 45

group consisting of an ancestor and ALL of its descendants

Front 46

Paraphyletic group

Back 46

group consisting of an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Front 47

What is the geologic age of the oldest prokaryote fossil? What modern organisms do they resemble?

Back 47

First prokaryotes appeared ~3.5 billion years ago

Earliest forms resemble cyanobacteria

Front 48

What are the three clades of life? What clade do we belong to?

Back 48

Archaea

Eukarya

Bacteria

We belong to the Eukarya

Front 49

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 49

(Archaea, Bacteria)

No true Nucleus

Lack organelle

single-celled organisms

Front 50

Eukaryotic Cells

Back 50

well-defined, membrane-bound nucleus

organelles present

can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular

Front 51

How do plants, fungi and animals obtain energy?

Back 51

Plants are photosynthetic

Fungi absorb their nutrition

Animals ingest their nutrition

Front 52

What organism is the sister taxon to animals?

Back 52

Choanoflagellatea

Front 53

Theory of Endosymbiosis

Back 53

origin of eukaryotes in which one prokaryote came to live inside another prokaryote and symbionts eventually became organelles

(support: mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane and they have their own DNA but no nucleus)

Front 54

What is similar and different when comparing sponges to all other animals?

Back 54

Sponges and other animals are unicellular, however they lack true tissue

Front 55

How do sponges reproduce?

Back 55

Sponges can reproduce sexually (organism has both male and female parts) or asexually by budding

Front 56

Four Clades of Porifera and their spicules

Back 56

Calcarea: calcium carbonate spicules

Hexactinellida: silica spicules

Demospongiae: spicules can be silica, spongin or both (majority of sponge species)

Homoscleromorpha: "incipient epithelium" but not true tissue

Front 57

Allopatric Speciation

Back 57

occurs in small populations that become physically isolated, leading to reproductive isolation

Front 58

Dispersal

Back 58

individuals migrate from one area to another

Front 59

Vicariance

Back 59

population is geographically divided by a physical barrier

Front 60

Sympatric Speciation

Back 60

continuous population (no geographic isolation), but gene flow is so low that segments of the population become reproductively isolated

Front 61

What must be present in a population before evolution can occur?

(What is the prerequisite or "raw material" of evolution?)

Back 61

genetic variation

Front 62

Charles Darwin's Four Postulates

Back 62

-individuals within populations are variable

-variations among individuals are heritable

-in every generation. some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others

-survival and reproduction are nonrandom

Front 63

Phenotype

Back 63

an observable trait of an organism

Front 64

Genotype

Back 64

the genetic code for phenotype

Front 65

Does natural selection act on individuals or populations?

Back 65

Natural Selection act on individuals; populations evolve

Front 66

Does natural selection act on phenotypes or genotypes?

Back 66

Natural Selection acts on phenotypes; but evolution consists of changes in gene frequency