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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ocean zones, lowest to highest
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benthic, pelagic, intertidal
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mountain zones, lowest to highest
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decreasing temp with increase in altitude:
tropical forest, temperate forest, subarctic taiga, arctic tundra |
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atoms
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base unit of matter
cannot be split without losing all characteristics |
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a common model of atoms
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Bohr's model
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Which subatomic particle never changes in number?
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protons
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atomic mass
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the # of protons + the # of neutrons
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atomic #
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# protons
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neutral charge
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if protons = electrons
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isotope
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atom with nonaverage amount of neutrons
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ion
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When electrons get far enough away, outer electrons are lost or added, making atom unstable.
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octet rule
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Most stable atoms have 8 electrons in outer ring.
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ionic bonds
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VERY STRONG
positive and negative charged ions attract |
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nonmetal-metal bonds
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usually ionic
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metal-metal bonds
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usually covalent
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nonmetal-nonmetal
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usually covalent
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covalent bonds
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shared bonds
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organic compounds
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have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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carbohydrates
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Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen at 1:2:1 ratio
~short term energy ~structural componenets (e.g. cellulose) |
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examples of carbs
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~monosaccharides: glucose (C6H12O6), fructose
~disaccharides: sucrose (C12H22O11) ~glycogen: chains of glucose ~starch |
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lipids
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~C, H, O not at 1:2:1 ratio
~includes fats, steroids, waxes, oils ~long term energy ~provides insulation ~protective layers ~transfers nutrients ~lubrication |
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examples of lipids
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~monoglycerides
~diglycerides ~glycerol: chain of C w/ fatty acides and H attached |
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proteins
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~contain C, H, O, N
~base unit is amino acid ~structural: muscle components, exoskeleton ~enzymes: speed up reaction, help put together or break apart molecules |
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protein shapes
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~determine what molecules will fit in enzymes
~primary: straight chain of amino acids ~2nd: alpha helix or beta pleat ~3rd: globular (helix folds in on itself) ~4th: 2 globulars bonded |
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nucleic acids
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~made up of C, H, O, N, P
~strands of nucleotides ~determine characteristics, heredity, controls cell metabolism |
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dehydration synthesis
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building up compounds, losing water in the process
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hydrolysis
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splitting molecules, gaining water in the process
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polyunsaturated fats
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if double/triple bonds show up on fatty acid chains on lipids
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saturated fats
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single bonds only
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denaturation
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unraveling of protein molecule due to heat or pH
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process of enzyme action
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1. molecules fit in active site
2. transition state 3. end product (molecule reaction) |
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hemoglobin
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quarternary protein, carries O in human blood
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hydrogen bonds
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~very weak
~can only take place between H-N, H-F, and H-O |
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properties of water
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~inorganic
~universal solvent ~polar ~can bend ~cohesive (can stick to itself) ~adhesive (will stick to foreign materials) ~high specific heat (takes a lot of energy to heat) ~ionizes into H and OH ions |
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Galileo Galilei
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Early 1600's
used 2 glass lenses to magnify the stars and was able to magnify small organisms |
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Robert Hooke
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Mid 1600's
coined the phrase "cell" as he looked through simple compound microscope, observing cork |
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek
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Late 1600's
given credit for developing first microscope |
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Matthew Schleiden
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1838
botanist who states the functional and organizational unit of a plant is the cell |
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Theodore Schwann
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1839
zoologist states the functional and organizational unit of an animal is the cell |
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Rudolf Virchow
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1849
physiologist studies reproduction of cell and concludes that all cells come from preexisting cells (reproduction) |
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light microscope
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~some up to 1000x
~When light hits air, it bends (refracts.) |
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transmission electron microscope
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~can magnify .5 nm, magnification=10,000x
~doesn't use glass, light passes through vacuum |
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scanning electron microscope
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~specimen not sliced, dipped in reflective microscope
~3 nm |
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scanning tunneling electron microscope
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~tunnels into specimen to look at the inside
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eukaryote
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~cell with true nucleus
~contains many organelles |
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bilipid layer
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~cell membrane, double semi-permeable layer (some things can pass through)
~regulates substances in and out |
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protoplasm, cytoplasm, cytosol
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~cell fluid
~70-90% water ~between bilipid layer and nucleus ~where cell reactions take place |
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cytoskeleton
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~inside cell
~made up of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments ~gives shape, support, motility (flagella, cilia) ~assists in moving organelles around cell |
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centrioles
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~only in animals
~9+2 arrangement of microtubules and microfilaments ~function in cell division |
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mitochondrion
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~generates energy
~has own DNA (comes from maternal source only) ~can reproduce by itself ~has double membrane (inner membrane Cristae is folded) ~generates ATP |
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endoplasmic reticulum
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~smooth and rough
~connected to nucleus ~extends throughout cell ~transports proteins and lipids |
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ribosome
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~no membrane
~small organelles attached to ER or independent ~composed of two subunits of rRNA ~site of protein synthesis |
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Golgi bodies
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~modify polypeptide chains
~package and ship proteins and lipids for secretion ~act as vesicles |
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vesicle
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~small bubble of products being transported to exit the cell for secretion
~breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids release hydrogen peroxide, commonly found in liver and kidney cells |
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vacuole
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vesicle that mainly contains water, esp. in plants
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lysosome
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vesicle that contains enzymes for breakdown of cell parts, "vacuum cleanerish"
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peroxisomes
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vesicles that contain enzymes for breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids
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nucleus
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~near center of cell
~has own double membrane with pores ~controls heredity and all activities in cell with DNA |
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plastid
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~organelle containing pigments
~has double membrane |
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chloroplast
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~contains chlorophyll used for photosynthesis
~contains grana and stroma ~thylakoids have chlorophyll |
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cell wall
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~outside cell membrane
~controls volume of liquid |
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flagella
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~helps to propel cell
~tail-ish ~extention of cytoskeleton w/ cell membrane ~gives cell motility ~9+2 arrangement |
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cilia
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~hair-like projections around cell
~slower movement than flagella |
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gap junction
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~protein strands
~connects cells to each other by way of "gaps" so that cytoplasm flows between |
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tight junction
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~stops water-soluble material from passing through
~prevents leaks |
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adhering junction
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joins cells that are subject to stretching
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components of bilipid layer that contribute to semi-permeability
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phospholipids, hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic, proteins and their roles, glyco chains, cholesterol
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passive transport
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~movement of molecules from [high] to [low]
~passes through semi-permeable membrane |
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types of passive transport
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diffusion: molecular bombardment
osmosis: water flows to dilute the [high] of salts |
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active transport
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~movement of molecules from [low] to [high]
~energy needed |
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types of active transport
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~endocytosis: phagocytosis (cell "eats" solid material"), phinocytosis (membrane folds in on self and creates vesicle)
~exocytosis ~sodium/potassium pump |
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osmotic pressure
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pressure caused by movement of water
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creanation
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shriveling because of hypertonic-ness
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plasmolysis
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cell membrane shrinnks inside cell wall
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speed of light =
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wavelength x frequency
3 x 10 to the 8th power m/s |
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How does light travel?
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in photons and wavelengths
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chemeosmotic phosphorylation
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transfer of ions H+/e- across the membrane to produce enrgy
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exergonic
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heat releasing reaction
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endergonic
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heat absorbing reaction that releases more ATP than exergonic
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reduction
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is a gain of e- or H+
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oxidation
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gain of 02
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G1
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period of cell growth before DNA is duplicated (begins in daughter cells)
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S
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period whenm the DNA is replicated (when chromosomes are duplicated)
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G2
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period after DNA is replicated; cell prepares for division
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prophase
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~chromosomes condense
~microtubules assemble and move one of the two pairs of centrioles to opposite ends of the cell ~nuclear envelope begins to break up |
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transition to metaphase
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~microtubules penetrate nuclear region and form a bipolar spindle apparatus
~microtubules attach to the two sister chromatids of ea. chromosome |
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metaphase
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~chromosomes line up at spindle equater, in most tightly condensed form
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anaphase
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~attatchments between two sister chromatids of ea. chromosome break
~2 separate chromosomes formed, move to opposite spindle poles |
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telophase
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~chromosomes (in 2 separate clusters) decondense
~new nuclear envelope formed |
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mechanisms that stop cell division
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~cell death (cytocide)
~telomeres (help with start also) |
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oogegenisis
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3 polar bodies + 1 ovum
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prophase I
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~homologous pairs of chromosomes pair up (synapsis) as a tetrad
~pairs condense around each other and cross over, producing chimera (gene region taken from other chromosome) |
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metaphase I
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homologues line of in center of cell
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anaphase I
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homologous pairs spearate
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Law of Dominance
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one charactersistic masks the other
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Law of Segregation
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Characteristic particles separate during meiosis.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Characteristics can recombine randomly.
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Incomplete Dominance
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~neither allele is dominant over the other
~blend into new expression |
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Co-Dominance
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~as in sickle cell anemia, where both alleles express independent characteristics
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Multiple Alleles
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~as in blood types in which a gene has more than two alleles
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Sex-Linked Characteristics
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linked through the genders, XX and XY
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crossing over % formula
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(# varients/ total offspring)100
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polygenic inheritance
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continuous variation in population controlled by more than one gene
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epistasis
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will occur when one gene is a homozygous recessive, condition blocks the expression of another
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pleiotropy
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multiple traits affected by one gene
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