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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
All animals can trace their lineage to a common ancestor that lived in the _____.
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Precambrian period
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Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____.
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primary germ layers
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?
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They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.
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Which of the following is radially symmetrical?
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a doughnut
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An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization. An animal is said to have advanced cephalization when it ____________.
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has an aggregation of neurons at the head end
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Which of the following animals does NOT have a body cavity?
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flatworm
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Which of the following is evidence that the extant phylum most closely related to chordates is Echinodermata? (p. 636)
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They are both deuterostomes.
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During embryological development, the anus forms before the mouth in ____________.
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humans
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An animal is called a protostome or a deuterostome based on _____. (p. 638)
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the fate of its blastopore
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Most animal body plans first appeared during the _____. (p. 643)
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Cambrian period
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Animals probably evolved from colonial protists. How do animals differ from these protist ancestors?
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Animals have more specialized cells.
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Animals probably evolved from colonial protists. How do animals differ from these protist ancestors?
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Animals have more specialized cells.
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The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animals is _____.
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Porifera
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Symmetry is one of the most basic characteristics of animals. The phylum that has a different symmetry from the other three phyla listed is the ____________.
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cephalization
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How do cnidarians and ctenophores differ from all other eumetazoans?
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Cnidarians and ctenophores are radially symmetrical.
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All animals with bilateral symmetry have _______ germ tissue layer(s).
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3
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Ectoderm can give rise to _______; mesoderm can give rise to ______; endoderm can give rise to _________.
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the central nervous system ... muscle ... the lining of the digestive tube
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cnidarians?
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mesoderm
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The difference between pseudocoelomates and coelomates is that pseudocoelomates _________, whereas coelomates _________.
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have a body cavity partially lined with tissue derived from mesoderm ... have a body cavity completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm
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A true coelom is ____________.
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a body cavity lined with mesoderm
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One of the primary developmental/anatomical characteristics distinguishing the major animal phyla is the condition of the body cavity. A pseudocoelomate animal is one in which the body cavity is _____.
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bounded partly by mesoderm
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The presence of a coelom is advantageous because _____.
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it allows room for the development and movement of internal organs
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Coelomates gave rise to _____.
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protostomes and deuterostomes
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Coeloms _____.
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evolved independently more than once
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Zoologists place chordates and echinoderms on one major branch of the animal phylogenetic tree, and mollusks, annelids, and arthropods on another major branch. Which of the following is a basis for this separation?
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how the body cavity is formed
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The zygotes of many protostomes undergo ______ and ______ cleavage.
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spiral ... determinate
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An animal with a true coelom that has ____________ cleavage must be a____________.
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indeterminate, radial ... deuterostome
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Protostomous animals are those in which the _____.
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blastopore forms the mouth
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The phrase "Cambrian explosion" refers to _____.
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the rapid adaptive radiation that gave rise to most extant animal phyla
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porifera (sponges)
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no germ layers/no tru tissue
no nerves/muscles no symmetry/non-segmentation hemapherdotic coelom called osculum no circulatory system aquatic areas |
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cnidaria (jelly fish)
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polp/medusa
2 germ layers radially symmetrical no coelom...no mesoderm gastrovascular cavity no cephalizatoin segmentation no joing appendages respitatory and circulatory pumps in and out asexually reproduce |
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platyhelminthes (flatworm)
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acoelomate (no body cavity)
3 germ layers bilateral lacks coelom terrestirial digestive tract cephalization-bilateral developed nervous system non-segmented no skeleton no ciculatroy system no resp. system asexually....sometimes sexual marine, fresh water or damp places....PARASITES! EWW |
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Annelide ( earthworms)
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3 germ layers
bilateral cephalization coelomates complete digestive tract no skeleton/appendages closed circulatory system breathes through skin(resp. system) hermaphodides (reprodctuions) live underwater/underground |
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molluska (snails and slugs)
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complete digestive tract
mantle cavity and radula circulatory system...muscular hrt sexually reproduce 3 germ layers bilateral cephalization no segmentation |
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Anthropoda (crabs)
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open circulatory
segmented exoskeleton biltaral coelom hemocoel=main body cavity complete digestive tract internal fertilization respiratory thru body cephalization 3 germ layers live on land and water |
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echinoderma
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endoskeleton
bilateral 3 germ layers coelomates-true coelom no segmentation no cephalization aquatic sep sexes no defined systems-water vascular system |
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Currently, humans are the dominant form of animal life. Yet the subphylum to which humans belong, Vertebrata, makes up less than _____% of all animal species. (p. 646)
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5
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The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animals is _____. (p. 647)
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Porifera
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Bryozoans, phoronids, and brachiopods are collectively referred to as _____.
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lophophorates
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The phylum Nemertea, proboscis worms, differs from the phylum Platyhelminthes in that proboscis worms _____. (p. 655)
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have a complete digestive tract
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A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and an open circulatory system, but no skeleton. Based on this you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____. (p. 659)
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annelid
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Which one of the following is thought to be most closely related to humans? (p. 672)
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sea stars
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You go to the supermarket and ask a clerk where you can find the gastropods. He takes you to the "weird food" section and points out a container of _____.
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snails
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You are given an unknown animal to study in the laboratory. You find it is triploblastic, it is acoelomate, it has a resistant cuticle, and it has male and female gonads in the same individual. This animal probably belongs in the phylum _____.
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Platyhelminthes
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Which one of following features is characteristic of the poriferan (sponge) body plan or life history?
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motile larvae
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The structure of primitive mollusks suggests that this group shared a close common ancestry with _____.
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segmennted worms
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Earthworms are most closely related to _____.
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leeches
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During reproduction by the oligochaete earthworm Lumbricus _____.
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hermaphroditic individuals exchange sperm
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The excretory organs of earthworms are called _____.
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metanephridia
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The _____ include the largest number of species.
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arthropods
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Which one of the following shows the animals listed in such a way that their phyla are in alphabetical order?
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spiders, jellies, squids, tapeworms, sponges, rotifers
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Complete metamorphosis __________.
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features a larval stage that looks different from the adult
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In arthropods, molting is necessary because ________.
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the chitinous exoskeleton cannot grow
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An unidentified species of animal displays the following characteristics: bilateral symmetry, determinate embryonic cleavage, a complete digestive system, an open circulatory system, and distinct body segmentation. To which one of the following animal phyla does this species most likely belong?
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Arthropoda
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The water vascular system of a sea star functions in _____.
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movement of the tube feet
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A starfish and a squid belong to the phyla __________ and __________, respectively.
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Echinodermata ... Mollusca
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The phylum Nemertea, proboscis worms, differs from the phylum Platyhelminthes in that proboscis worms _____.
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they have a complete digestive system
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A marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. It is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. It has a complete digestive system and an open circulatory system, but no skeleton. Based on this you determine that the animal must be a(n) _____.
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annelid
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A ____ is a chordate but not a vertebrate.
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lancelet
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It appears that cephalochordates evolved by a process that involved the development of mature reproductive organs in an otherwise juvenile form. This evolutionary process is called _____.
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paedogenesis
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A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics EXCEPT
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hinged jaws
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A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is(are) _____.
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swim bladder
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The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for fish because it helps with _____.
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maintaining a supply of oxygen
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In contrast to the traditional grouping of reptiles, cladistic analysis indicates that Reptilia is not a monophyletic group and that _____.
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birds are more closely related to crocodiles than either is to turtles
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Which of the following is NOT shared by extant birds and extant reptiles?
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endothermic metabolism
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Which one of the following characteristics appears in mammals, but not in reptiles?
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a lower jaw consisting of a single bone
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The opossum is an example of a(n) __________ mammal.
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marsupial
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Eutherians are viviparous, which means that __________.
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the young develop within the female"s body
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Whales and dolphins belong to the order _____.
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Cetacea
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If you were to observe a monkey in a zoo, which characteristic would indicate a New World origin for that monkey species?
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use of the tail to hang from a tree limb
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Humans and the slender loris, a prosimian, share many traits that probably evolved in our early primate ancestors, including _____.
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opposable thumbs
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Humans, apes, and monkeys are classified together as
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anthropoids
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Primates are distinguished from other mammals by __________.
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opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception
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Which of the following traits distinguishes hominids from apes?
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bipedalism (upright walking)
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Bipedalism is associated first with what hominid?
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australopithecines, such as Lucy
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The first hominid known to make tools is(was) _____.
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Homo habilis
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Homo erectus __________.
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followed H. habilis
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Which of the following correctly lists probable ancestors of modern humans from the oldest to the most recent?
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australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus
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Some anthropologists think that modern races of Homo sapiens evolved from separate populations of archaic H. sapiens in different geographic areas. How, then, do proponents of this multiregional hypothesis explain the great degree of genetic similarity among modern humans?
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The ancestral Homo erectus originally came from Africa.
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The multiregional and replacement hypotheses for the origin of modern humans agree that _____.
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Homo erectus had an African origin
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Which one of the following statements best fits the replacement hypothesis about the origin of modern humans?
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Homo sapiens evolved from H. erectus in Africa and then migrated elsewhere.
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Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the phylum Chordata
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SEGMENTATION
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Which of the following chordates is most likely to look least like a chordate?
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adult tunicate
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unique feature of vertebrates is
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the neural crest
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How do lampreys and hagfishes differ from other extant vertebrates?
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They lack both jaws and paired appendages
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Jaws developed _____.
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by modification of the skeletal rods that previously supported the anterior pharyngeal gill slits
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The diagnostic feature of class Chondrichthyes is _____.
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an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage
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Imagine that you are a paleontologist (a scientist who studies fossils of ancient life forms). In a recent dig, you unearthed bones of all of the following. Which could you have found in the oldest sediments?
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amphibians
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Listed below are four adaptations of terrestrial vertebrates. Which one is a characteristic only of truly terrestrial animals that have no need to return to bodies of water at any stage of the life cycle?
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amniote eggs
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There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their _____.
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methods of reproductino
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Which of the following is NOT thought to be in the lineage that led to human beings?
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dinosaur
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