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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The overall function of the Calvin cycle is |
making sugar |
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One of the compounds that is a direct output of the Calvin cycle is |
G3P |
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Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to
|
RuBP
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After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from
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NADPH |
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How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose
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6 |
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In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules
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3 |
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In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the
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thylakoid membrane
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What compound of a photosystem is the dominant light-capturing pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy
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chlorophyll a
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The ultimate energy source that supports most life on Earth is |
sunlight |
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Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called ________ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ________ |
thylakoids, stroma |
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Which of the following is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis |
O2 |
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Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. What does this mean
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They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules
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The Calvin cycle is sometimes called the "dark reactions." Could it take place if a plant were grown in the dark continuously |
No, because sunlight is needed to split water to provide NADPH |
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Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis |
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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In which organelle does photosynthesis take place |
Chloroplast |
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What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions |
An electron transport chain |
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What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle |
ATP and NADPH |
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What provides electrons for the light reactions |
H2O |
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What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle |
CO2 |
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What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle |
NADPH |
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The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________
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thylakoids, stroma |
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What is the function of stomata |
gas exchange |
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When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by other electrons obtained by |
splitting water |
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If you provided your shade-tolerant plants with their preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, what would you expect to occur |
decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants |
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The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________ |
CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar |
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The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are |
ATP and NADPH |
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As a consequence of the work of the biologist Theodor Engelmann, others showed that chloroplasts absorb light mainly in the __________ and __________ part of the spectrum |
blue violet, red orange |
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ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria involves the process called |
chemiosmosis |
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In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, an ___________ built into a membrane pumps H+across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next in a series of redox reactions. |
electron transport chain |
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In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and _______ is the final electron acceptor |
oxygen |
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In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in |
NADPH |
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In photosynthesis, ________ drives electrons from a low-energy state to a high-energy state. |
light energy |
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In both respiration and photosynthesis, the potential energy of an _________gradient is tapped to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. As H+ diffuses back through _________(an enzyme complex embedded in the membrane), ATP is produced. |
H+ concentration gradient, ATP synthase |
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Where are photosystems located |
thylakoid membrane |
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What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast |
thylakoids |
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When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state |
excited |
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The last stage of one complete turn of the Calvin cycle involves |
regeneration of RuBP |
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The first step of the Calvin cycle is the incorporation of ________ into ________ |
CO2, RuBP |
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What are the inputs of photosynthesis |
CO2, H2O, light |
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What are the outputs of photosynthesis |
glucose, O2, ATP |
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One of the important waste products of photosynthesis is oxygen gas. Where does this oxygen gas come from |
Oxygen is released when water is broken down to extract electrons and protons for use in the light reactions |
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The light reactions produce |
oxygen, NADPH, and ATP |
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The thylakoid membranes bring together the components necessary to carry out the |
light reactions |
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Incoming photons of light energy initiate photosynthesis by |
exciting electrons in pigment molecules within the photosystems, raising them to a higher energy level |
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what is the equation for the calvin cycle |
ATP + NADPH + 3CO 2 → G3P |
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If the interior of the thylakoid were not a sealed compartment |
The proton gradient could not be maintained |
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What are grana? |
stacks of membranous sacs |
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What is the source of electrons for the light reactions |
H2O |
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The __________ the wavelength of light, the __________ the energy of a photon |
shorter, greater |
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Where does the Calvin cycle occur |
Stroma |
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The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____ |
water ... NADPH |
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In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between |
UV radiation and infrared radiation |
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You obtain the pigments called carotenoids in your diet when you eat carrots. Why do carotenoids appear yellow and orange |
They absorb blue/green light and reflect yellow and red wavelengths of light. |
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Photosynthetic membranes are found in |
Photosynthetic membranes are found in |
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The thick fluid inside the chloroplast is where many of the reactions of photosynthesis take place. This fluid is called the |
stroma |
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One of the single pancake-like discs in the chloroplast is called a |
thylakoid |
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One of the "stacks of pancakes" is called a |
granum |
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The reason the chloroplast is green is because of the pigment _________, which is the light-absorbing molecule of this organelle. |
chlorophyll |
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The gases needed as inputs for photosynthesis enter the plant through small pores called |
stoma |
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True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata |
True |
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The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the |
greater the energy |
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What structure phosphorylates ADP |
ATP synthase |
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_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and e- |
Photosystem 2 |
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_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment |
The electron transport chain |
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Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+ |
photosystem 1 |
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The color that we see when looking at a pigmented object is |
the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object |
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In photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ________ to ________ |
H2O... CO2 |