Bio 330 Test 2

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

The sum total of all the chemical reactions in an organism

Front 2

Catabolic reaction

Back 2

A reaction that breaks down complex molecules to release energy

Front 3

Anabolic reaction

Back 3

Build energy A reaction that consumes energy to assemble simple molecules into more complex ones

Front 4

Gibbs free energy

Back 4

a chemical energy in chemical bonds

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-G

Back 5

Exergonic reaction

Front 6

+G

Back 6

Endergonic

Front 7

ATP is generated by...

Back 7

Is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP

Front 8

3 main ways to make atp

Back 8

Substrate level phosphorylation

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photophosphorylation

Front 9

Metabolic pathway

Back 9

Is a sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

Front 10

Collision theory

Back 10

States that's chemical reactions can occur when atoms ions and molecules collide.

Front 11

Activation energy is needed to

Back 11

Is needed to disrupt electronic configurations

Front 12

Reaction rate

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Is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction

Front 13

Apoenzyme

Back 13

Protein portion of holoenzyme

Front 14

Cofactor

Back 14

Nonprotein component that activates the holoenzyme

Front 15

Holoenzyme

Back 15

The whole active enzyme with cofactor and apoenzyme

Front 16

Competitive inhibition

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Competitive inhibitor a substance that bonds to the active sites and blocks binding of substrate

Front 17

Non-competitive

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A substance that binds a non-active site and alters the shape

Front 18

Ribozymes

Back 18

Enzymes not made of protein

Front 19

Factors that influence enzymes

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Temp

Oh

Substrate concentration

Inhibitors

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Oxidoreductase

Back 20

Oxidation reduction reactions

Front 21

Transferase

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Transfer function groups

Front 22

Hydrolase

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Hydrolysis

Front 23

Lyase

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Removal of atoms without hydrolysis

Front 24

Isomerase

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Rearrangement of atoms

Front 25

Ligase

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Joining of Molecules uses atp

Front 26

Oxidation

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Removal of electrons

Front 27

Reduction

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Gain of electrons

Front 28

Redox reaction

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an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

Front 29

Carbohydrate catabolism

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The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy

Front 30

Respiration is

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Oxygen dependent

Front 31

Fermentation

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Oxygen independent

Front 32

Glycolysis

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Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid

Produces atp and Mash

2 stages

energy consuming 2 atp produced glucose is split

Energy conserving

4 atp produced 2 used in step 1= 2 net atp

Front 33

Kreb cycle

Back 33

In cytoplasm in prokary. In mitochondria matrix in eukary.

1. Intermediate step pyruvic acid converted to acetyl cOA = 2 NaDh

2 Co2

Kreb cycle

The products of kreb cycle are

6 Nadh

2 fadh

2 ATP

4 Co2

Front 34

Respiration summary

Back 34

6 co2

38 ATP

Front 35

Pathway

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Glycolysis cytoplasm

Int step cytoplasm

Kreb cycle euk: mito matrix pro:cyto

Etc. Euk Mito inner membrane pro: plasma membrane

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Fermentation end products

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Acids alcohol

Co2

Front 37

Chemotroph

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Gets energy from chemical

Front 38

Phototroph

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Gets energy from light

Front 39

Microbial growth

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Increase in NUMBER of cells not SIZE

Front 40

Requirements for growth

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Physical

Temperature

Osmotic pressure

Chemical

Carbon

Nitrogen sulfur and phosphorus

PhOsmotic pressureChemicalCarbonNitrogen sulfur and phosphorusTrace elementsOxygenOrganic growth factors

PhOsmotic pressureChemicalCarbonNitrogen sulfur and phosphorusTrace elementsOxygenOrganic growth factors

Trace elements

Oxygen

Organic growth factors

Front 41

Hyperthermophiles

Back 41

65-110 c

Front 42

Thermophile

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40-72c

Front 43

Mesophile

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10-50c

Front 44

Physcotroph

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0-20c

Front 45

Physchrophiles

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-10-20c

Front 46

Danger zone

Back 46

60-130 f° 15-50 C°

Front 47

Food infection

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A living microorganism was consumed in the food and has established an infection in the host usually 12-18 hours post ingestion

Front 48

Food intoxication

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A toxin was consumed in the food and is causing symptoms after the bacteria dies onset 8 hours post ingestion

Front 49

Most bacteria grow between

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6.5 and 7.5

Front 50

Molds and yeast grow between

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Ph 5 and 6

Front 51

Hypertonic events or and increase in..

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Salt or sugar cause plasmolysis

Front 52

Extreme or obligate halophile require

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High osmotic pressure

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Falculative halophiles

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Tolerate high osmotic pressure

Front 54

Chemotrophs use

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Organic carbon sources

Front 55

Autotrophs use

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Co2

Front 56

Obligate aerobes

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Oxygen required

Front 57

Falculative anaerobes

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Can grow without oxygen but prefers oxygen

Front 58

Obligate anaerobes

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Can only grow without oxygen

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Aerotolerant

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Only grow without without oxygen but oxygen doesn't effect growth...grows evenly

Front 60

Pure culture

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One species or strain

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Colony

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Population of cells arising from a single cell or spore

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4 toxic forms of oxygen

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Singlet oxygen

Superoxide radicals

Peroxide anion

Hydroxyl radical

Front 63

Biofilm formation

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Attachment

Sessile growth

Bio film maturation

Dispersal

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Bio film development is driven by

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Quorum sensing

Front 65

Culture medium

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Nutrients prepared for Microbial growth

Front 66

Sterile

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No living or dormant microbes

Front 67

Inoculate

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Introduction of microbes into medium

Front 68

Culture

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Microbes growing in or on culture medium

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Agar

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Derived from red algae

Not metabolized by microbes

Used in petri dish washer slants and deeps

Liquid at 100 c

Solid at 40 c

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Chemically defined media

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Exact chemical Compositon is known

Front 71

Complex media

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Extracts and digests of yeast plants or meat

Front 72

Cfu

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A cell that gave rise to a colony

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T streak

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Is used to isolate pure cultures

Single colony isolation

Front 74

Deep freezing bacteria

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-50 to -95 c

Freeze drying -54 to -72c and dehydrated in a vacuum

Front 75

Reproducing in prokary

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Binary fission

Budding

Conidiophores

Fragmentation of filaments

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Generation time

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The time required for a cell to divide

Front 77

Growth phases of bacteria

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Lag phase no increase

Log phase increase

Stationary phase death and new cells evens it out

Death phase... decreasing

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Turbidity estimation

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600nm

Front 79

Intermediate step

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Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to Acetyl cOA it makes

2Nadh

2Co2

Front 80

Bacteria generation growth formula

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N= N x2^n

Front 81

Suppresses growth of unwanted bacteria

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Selective media

Front 82

Distinguishes colonies of desired organisms

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Differential media

Front 83

Metabolic pathways are determined by

Back 83

Enzymes