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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Land plants arose during the _____.
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cambrian
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The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always _____.
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produces spores
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Bryophytes are small because __________.
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they are avascular
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The diploid sporophyte stage is dominant in the life cycle of all of the following EXCEPT _____.
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a moss
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In contrast to bryophytes, in vascular plants the dominant stage of the life cycle is the _____.
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sporophyte
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Seedless plants include __________.
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bryophytes, ferns, and horsetails
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During the Carboniferous period, forests consisting mainly of ____ produced vast quantities of organic matter, which was buried and later became coal.
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ferns and other seedless plants
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In ferns the leaves are called _____.
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fronds
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Which of the following produce eggs and sperm?
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moss gametophytes
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Alternation of generations _____.
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is distinguished by haploid and diploid stages that are both multicellular
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Plants undergo alternation of generations in which _____.
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he sporophyte generation alternates with the gametophyte generation
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The development of the __________ allowed plants to exist on land. Algae do not have this feature.
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cuticle
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Gametangia are__________.
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single-celled in algae, multicellular in most plants
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Vascular tissues of plants include __________.
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xylem for conducting water and minerals, and phloem for conducting dissolved organic molecules
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Most plant systematists believe that, of all the bryophytes, _____ are most closely related to vascular plants.
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mosses
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Mosses do not have "true leaves" because their leaflike structures lack _____.
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vascular tissues
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In the life cycle of a fern, the multicellular male gametangium (the sex organ that produces sperm cells) is called a(n) _____.
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antheridium
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In the life cycle of ferns, the multicellular female gametangium (the sex organ that contains an egg) is a(n) _____.
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archegonium
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Small nonvascular plants that lack a specialized conduction system are called __________.
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bryophytes
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_______ is found in woody tissues; _______ protect(s) pollen grains from environmental damage.
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Lignin ... sporopollenin
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The gametophyte stage of the plant life cycle is most conspicuous in _____.
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mosses
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When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the _____.
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gametophyte generation
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Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) __________ and down the neck of a(n) __________.
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antheridium ... archegonium
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The gametophyte generation of a moss _____,
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is haploid
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The innovation essential to the survival of bryophytes on land was _____.
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the retention of the egg within the archegonium
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How are gametes produced by bryophytes?
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by mitosis of gametophyte cells
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Which of the following are nonvascular but have adaptations that green algae lack (such as a cuticle and stomata)?
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mosses
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All heterosporous plants produce _____.
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megaspores that develop into female gametophytes and microspores that develop into male gametophytes
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Lycophytes are better adapted to life on land than true mosses because lycophytes have something that true mosses lack. What is it?
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vascular tissues for the transport of water and nutrients from the soil
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Strolling through the woods, you would be least likely to notice which of the following?
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a fern gametophyte
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Ferns and mosses are mostly limited to moist environments because _____.
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they have swimming sperm
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In cells entering prophase of mitosis in the gametophyte of a fern species that has a diploid number (2n) of 14, there would be _____.
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7 chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of two chromatids
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If the "dots" on the underside of a fern frond are spore cases, what is true of the plant to which the frond belongs?
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It is a sporophyte.
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A fern differs from a moss in that it has _____.
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an independent sporophyte
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Fern spores are __________, and the familiar, "leafy" fern plant itself is __________.
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haploid ... diploid
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Both mosses and ferns possess _____.
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a free-living gametophyte
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To examine meiosis in ferns, you would study _____.
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the sporangia
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Outdoors, where would you look for a fern gametophyte?
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moist soil
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Fern gametophytes are _____.
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free-living, multicellular organisms
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The fern gametophyte is called a _____.
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prothallus
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Which one of the following organisms has both gametophyte and sporophyte stages in its life cycle but spends the largest fraction of that life cycle in the gametophyte stage
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moss
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When you look at a pine or maple tree, the plant you see is _____.
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diploid sporophyte
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All seed plants _____.
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are heterosporous
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The evolutionary advance that made possible the colonization of dry environments by seed plants is most likely the result of the evolution of _____.
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pollen
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Gymnosperms were most abundant during the _____.
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Mesozoic
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The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the __________.
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presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule
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In pine, the embryo develops within the _____.
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female gametophyte
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Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____.
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flowers
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Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower?
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petals
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Human survival literally depends on the produce of __________.
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angiosperms
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While walking in the woods, you encounter a beautiful and unfamiliar flowering plant. If you want to know whether it is a monocot or dicot, it would NOT help to look at the _____.
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size of the plant
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Root hairs are important to a plant because they _____.
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increase the surface area for absorption
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Which of the following is correctly matched with its tissue system?
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cortex ... ground tissue system
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Most of the photosynthesis in a plant is carried out by _____ in the leaves.
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parenchyma cells
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How do cells in a meristem differ from other cells in a plant?
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They continue to divide.
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he primary growth of a plant adds __________ while secondary growth adds __________.
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height ... girth
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Cell division in the vascular cambium adds to the girth of a tree by adding new _____ on the inside of the cambium layer and _____ on the outside.
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xylem ... phloem
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Wood is _____.
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secondary xylem
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In plants, but not in animals, _____.
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cell division requires the formation of a cell plate
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The proton pump _____.
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uses the energy stored in ATP to produce a proton gradient
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A plant cell placed in a solution with a lower water potential will _____.
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lose water and plasmolyze
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The vacuole of a plant cell is defined by the _____.
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tonoplast
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Which of the following is a difference between transport by xylem and transport by phloem?
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Xylem sap moves up; phloem sap moves up or down.
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Which one of the following describes the loss of water through the stomata in a plant's leaves?
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transpiration
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The last thing all water and solute molecules must pass through before they can enter the vascular system and move upward to the leaves is _____.
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an endodermal cell
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The Casparian strip is _____.
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a waterproof "gasket" around the cells of the root"s endodermis
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A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _____.
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sugar
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Xerophytes minimize water loss by _____
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using the CAM pathway
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The solute most abundant in phloem sap is _____.
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sugar
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Mineral nutrients _____.
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contribute little to the weight of a plant
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Which of the following is a symptom of magnesium deficiency?
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chlorosis
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A major long-term problem resulting from flood irrigation is the _____.
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accumulation of salts in the soil
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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil _____.
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convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia
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The relationship between legumes and Rhizobium is _____.
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mutualistic
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The location on a root that houses nitrogen-fixing bacteria is called __________.
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a root nodule
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Mutually beneficial associations between roots and soil fungi are called __________.
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mycorrhizae
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The sundew plant has to digest insects because _____.
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it obtains nitrogen from their bodies that it cannot get from the soil
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The term "alternation of generations" refers to the alternation in a plant's life cycle between _____.
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haploid gametophyte generation and a diploid sporophyte generation
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Select the correct association.
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dioecious ... separate female and male plants
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Meiosis will produce microspores in the _____.
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anther
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Self-incompatibility _____.
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: maintains variation
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In angiosperms, each pollen grain produces two sperm. What do these sperm do?
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One fertilizes an egg and the other fertilizes a cell that develops into stored food.
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The scutellum _____.
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is a specialized cotyledon found in certain monocots
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The germination of seeds _____.
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depends on imbibition
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Which of the following is NOT a method of vegetative reproduction?
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germination
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Plants growing in harsh environments such as deserts, sand dunes, and arctic tundra often reproduce vegetatively. This is because _____.
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vegetative reproduction is not as risky as making seeds
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In grafting, the plant that provides the root system is the ______ and the twig is the ______.
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stock ... scion
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Plant hormones act by affecting the activities of _____.
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genes, membranes, and enzymes
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Which of the following seedlings will probably bend toward the light?
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one whose tip is separated from its base by a gelatin block
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The Pr form of the phytochrome pigment has maximum absorption in the __________ part of the spectrum.
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red
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Plant hormones ____________.
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include one that is a gas
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A biological cycle with a period of about 24 hours is called _____.
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a circadian rhythm
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Most plants flower when _____.
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the nights are the right length
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The pigment involved in the flowering process (and other developmental events in plants) is _____.
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phytochrome
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Thigmotropism is a movement in response to _____.
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touch
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Which one of the following is seen in plants in response to a water deficit?
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all of the above
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