Bio 30 Unit A Module 2 (Part 1)

Front 1

acromegaly

Back 1

a condition brought about by excessive secretion of human growth hormone in an adult

Front 2

adrenal cortex

Back 2

the outer portion of the adrenal gland composed of three distinct layers of cells that respond to hormonal signals signals from the anterior pituitary by producing three groups of hormones, including the glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, and gonadocorticoids; reacts to stress stimuli and affects salt and water balance

Front 3

adrenal medulla

Back 3

the center or middle part of the adrenal gland composed of modified nervous tissue that responds to sympathetic nerve signals by secreting the fight-or-flight hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, in reaction to stress

Front 4

aldosterone

Back 4

a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to an increase in certain enzymes and high levels of ACTH; acts to increase sodium ion reabsorption

Front 5

alpha cells

Back 5

cells in the islets that secrete glucagon

Front 6

antagonistic hormones

Back 6

two hormones that produce opposite effects

Front 7

anterior pituitary

Back 7

an endocrine gland consisting of secretory cells that synthesize and secrete several hormones directly into the bloodstream

Front 8

beta cells

Back 8

cells in islets that secrete insulin

Front 9

calcitonin

Back 9

a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels through negative feedback

Front 10

C cells (parafollicular cells)

Back 10

cells in the thyroid gland that synthesize calcitonin

Front 11

cellular respiration

Back 11

a process occurring in the mitochondria of cells of all living organisms in which energy-rich compounds, such as carbohydrates (glucose), proteins, and fats, are burned with oxygen to release energy in the form of ATP and waste products, such as water and carbon dioxide

Front 12

cortisol

Back 12

fight-or-flight response hormone; involved in enhancing short-term stress responses and in stimulating conversion of protein and fat into glucose; Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stimulation by ACTH.

Front 13

diabetes insipidus

Back 13

a condition caused by lack of ADH, which results in excessive production of very diluted urine

Front 14

diabetes mellitus

Back 14

a chronic disorder that occurs when the pancreas doesn't produce enough inusulin, insulin receptors, or body cells do not respond to insulin

Front 15

endocrine gland

Back 15

a cell, tissue, or organ that produces secretions that are released directly into the blood stream

Front 16

epinephrine

Back 16

a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress; adrenaline

Front 17

exocrine gland

Back 17

a cell, tissue or organ that produces secretions that are released through ducts or channels

Front 18

flight-or-fight response

Back 18

a short term stress response that insures increased amounts of glucose and oxygen are avalible to cells for cellular respiration, which results in increased energy for muscles

Front 19

follicle

Back 19

as it relates to the thyroid gland, a microscopic structure consisting of a circle of cells called follicle cells surrounding a central cavity; the little circles inside the thyroid gland

Front 20

gigantism

Back 20

a condition where excess hGH is produced in childhood, can cause people to be 8 feet or over

Front 21

glucagon

Back 21

brings up blood glucose levels to normal levels (negative feedback); antagonist hormone to insulin

Front 22

glucorticoids

Back 22

a group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex; influence glucose metabolism from protein and fat and immune function by suppressing inflammation

Front 23

gonadotropic hormones

Back 23

hormones that effect the reproductive organs; also know as gonads

Front 24

hormone

Back 24

a chemical messenger that is produced by specialized cells, circulated in the bloodstream, and co-ordinates the various parts of the body by interacting with target cells

Front 25

hyperglycema

Back 25

condition with high levels of glucose; too little insulin

Front 26

hypoglycema

Back 26

condition with low levels of glucose; too much insulin

Front 27

hypothalamus

Back 27

the region of the brain located below the cerebral hemispheres and thalamus and just above the pituitary gland; maintains homeostasis; co-ordinates the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary as well as releases hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary

Front 28

insulin

Back 28

a hormone from the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels back to normal (negative feedback); antagonist hormone to glucagon

Front 29

Islets of Langer hans (islets)

Back 29

alpha and beta cells that secrete glucagon and insulin into the blood

Front 30

lipid-soluble hormone

Back 30

a hormone that is chemically identified as a lipid or steroid