Bio 240 Exam 3

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antibiotic

Back 1

CHEMICAL MADE BY MICROORGANISM which inhibits or kills another microorganism

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antimicrobial agent

Back 2

any CHEMICAL which can inhibit or kill another microorganism

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drug

Back 3

any chemical that has a physiological effect

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bacteriocidal

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KILLS bacteria

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bacteriostatic

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inhibits bacteria

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What are some things a doctor considers before prescribing medicine?

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Susceptibility test results, allergies, family medical history, pregnant/nursing, where infection is located, how antimicrobial agent can be delivered, age etc.

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Kirby-Bauer test

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Mueller-hinton agar. AKA Disk diffusion method. Disks containing an antimicrobial agent are placed on the surface of an agar plate that has been inoculated with the disease agent being tested, which will grow and fill the disk. The antimicrobial agent diffuses into the medium, killing some of the disease agent.

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What is S I R

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susceptible, intermediate (allergies) and resistant

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MIC

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minimal inhibitory concentration; the least amount of an antimicrobial agent that completely inhibits the growth of a microorganism

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MBC

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minimal bacteriocidal concentration; least amount of antimicrobial agent that kills a microorganism.

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serum killing level

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least amount of patients serum that kills patients organism

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infectious disease

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presence of microorganism, have ability to multiply, microorganisms must be harmful

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first line of defense

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physical+chemical ways body keeps microorganisms out:

skin, perspiration, cough, sneeze, urination, stomach acid, mucus membrane, tears, cilia, vomit, diarrhea

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second line of defense

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nonspecific ways body gets rid of what passed through 1st line:

phagocytosis, inflamation, fever, complement system

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third line of defense

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SPECIFIC ways immune system targets organisms that have gotten into the body

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antigen

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a SUBSTANCE usually a protein which STIMULATES BODY to make antibodies

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antibody

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a PROTEIN made by the body IN RESPONSE to a stimulus of an antigen. SPECIFIC TO ANTIGEN!!

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immunoglobulins

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antibodies, globulins in the immune system

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atigen requires 5 globulins:

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IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

(GEDMA)

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IgG

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fixes complement, blood, crosses placenta, monomer

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IgM

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fixes complement, blood, pentamer

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IgE

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monomer, blood, allergic reactions

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IgA

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body fluids other than blood, dimer

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IgD

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attached to lymphocytes, monomer

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agglutination

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when ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN CONNECT, monomers connect to diff antigens (grabs and holds antigens like glue)

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antitoxin

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an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin

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Active immunity

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your own body makes antibodies, natural, artificial or acquired, last year or lifetime

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JOBS ANTIBODIES DO:

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agglutination, precipitation, antitoxin, lysin, fix complement, neutralize

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passive immunity

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In passive immunity, individuals do not have the antibodies, but rather, are passed down to them naturally or through human intervention.

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vaccines

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part of an organism, whole dead organism, whole live attenuated organism, similar organism

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B lymphocytes

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memory cell, plasma cells bone marrow (blood) (particularly white blood cells) B lymphocytes can morph into plasma cell which makes antibodies

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T lymphocytes

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bone marrow to thymus to blood.

memory cell,

T helper cells (recognize combo of self antigen and foreign antigen and sends signal for more T &B lymph) then if proliferates and differentiate

supressor/regulator (says stop)

cytotoxic (T lymph lyses foreign cell)

natural killer ( lyse cells will attack any foreign cell)

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Blood type A

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anti B (agglut)

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Blood type B

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anti A (agglut)

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blood type a+b

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neither antibodies (aglut)

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O

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both a and b anti (no aglut)

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+

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Rh or D (agglut)

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-

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no Rh or D (no aglut)

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MAJOR crossmatch

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RBC of donor
+
plasma of recipient
no agglut=compatible
agglut= not agglut

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Minor crossmatch

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plasma of donor
+
RBC of recipient

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Mycology

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study of fungi

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fungus:

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a HETEROTROPHIC thallus plant with MYCELIUM THAT CANNOT PHOTOSYNTHESIZE

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thallus plant

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no stems roots or leaves

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mycelium

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vegetative part from one colony of a fungus

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phylum (singular)/ sexual spores

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Oomycota (water mold)
zygomycota
ascomycota
basidiomycota (mushrooms)

aka oospore, zygospore etc. ALL SEXUAL SPORES

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deuteromycota

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fungi no one has seen sexually reproduce (no spore)

ASEXUAL SPORES:
anthrospores, chlamydospores, blastospores, microspores, macrospores (two M's=hair, skin & nails)

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sporangiospores

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oomycota or zygomycota

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conidiospores

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asco mycota or basidiomycota

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spore

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conidium

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spores

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conidia

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common fungal infections

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athletes foot, yeast infection

fatal yeast= Cryptococcus

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blastospores

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yeasts

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chlamydiospores

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lasting through harsh conditions