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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
senses that involve receptors in the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, and visceral organs
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somatic senses
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hearing, balance, vision, taste, and smell are what kind of sense?
(don't think too hard) |
special senses
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3 types of sensory receptors
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specialized nerve cells (ex. photoreceptors in eye)
nerve endings non-neuronal receptor cells (some epithelial cells) |
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process of converting part of the energy of a stimulus into a meaningful electrical signal
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transduction
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5 types of sensory receptors based on what they respond to
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-chemoreceptors
-nociceptors (respond to pain) -thermoreceptors -mechanoreceptors -photoreceptors |
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t/f, sensory receptors detect a specific, unique stimulus.
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true
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t/f, the stimulus produces an electrical change in the receptor, usu. by opening sodium channels.
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true
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small depolarization of the sensory receptor membrane when stimulated below the threshold
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generator potential
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the frequency of action potentials passing along an afferent nerve fiber
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frequency code
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some cases (e.g. pressure) where intensity is signalled by # of receptors responding
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population code
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see diagram on page 274.
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do it.
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sensations are coded by the type of receptor stimulated- this is called?
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labelled line code
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t/f, how a receptor is stimulated affects the sensation perceived.
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FALSE!
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the frequency of action potentials generated by receptors decreases during continuous stimulation
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sensory adaptation
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t/f, receptors adapt at different rates.
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true
ex- pacinian corpuscles adapt faster than muscle stretch receptors |
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a large-diameter, myelinated fiber that conducts impulses 50m/sec
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A-d fiber
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small-diameter, unmyelinated fiber that conducts impulses 5m/sec
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C fiber
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type of senses mediated by receptors in the skin that give rise to sensations such as touch, pressure, tickle, temperature, & pain
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exteroceptive senses
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senses mediated by receptors in the muscles, tendons, & joints; measure physical properties such as muscle length, tendon tension
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proprioceptive senses
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mediated by receptors in the viscera and the brain
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visceroceptive/interoceptive senses
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exteroceptors that belong to the class of mechanoreceptors; respond to deformation of the skin
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tactile receptors
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elongated, encapsulated endings in the dermal papillae of hairless skin; in the lips, fingertips, palms, soles, genitalia, & nipples; responsible for fine tactile discrimination
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Meissner's corpuscles
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sensitive, rapidly-adapting receptor in the subcutaneous layers of the hands, feet, genitals, and breasts; respond best to vibration
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Pacinian corpuscles
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receptors with spiral endings of nerve fibers wrapped around hair follicles; rapidly-adapting
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hair receptors
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slow-adapting touch receptors in skin
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Merkel endings (discs) and Ruffini endings
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thermal sensation receptors- free nerve endings
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warm receptors (25-45 degrees C)
cold receptors (10-30 degrees C) |
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stimuli for pain receptors include... (3 things)
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mechanical, thermal, and chemical agents
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when tissue is damaged, two powerful peptides may be released. what are they?
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bradykinin & substance P
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what do prostaglandins do?
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enhance pain
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how does aspirin work?
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by inhibiting the biosynthesis of prostaglandins
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short-lived, well-localized pain associated only with the skin & carried by A-d afferents
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fast pain
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poorly localized pain conveyed by C afferents & associated with the skin, joints, internal organs, and muscles (all areas with nociceptors)
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slow pain
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what affects the perception of pain?
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mental attitude, emotional state, drugs, other stimuli
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what region of the brain, when stimulated, causes analgesia w/o loss of tactile sensitivity?
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periaqueductal region
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what is analgesia?
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deadening of pain sensitivity
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name 4 important substances in the brain's endogenous analgesic system.
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-endogenous opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphin)
-GABA -serotonin -Substance P |
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what do endogenous opioids (enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphin) cause?
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analgesia & euphoria
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how does the brain's endogenous analgesic system operate?
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-activation of neurons in the periaqueductal gray excites neurons that use serotonin
-neurons stimulate inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord -interneurons release enkephalin, which inhibits neurons that transmit pain impulses to the brain |
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see diagram on 281.
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learn it, know it.
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when pain is felt cutaneously as a result of nociceptive stimulus to an internal organ
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referred pain, causes by shared nerve pathways
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proprioceptors that provide info. on muscle length
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muscle spindles
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specialized muscle fibers in a muscle spindle; have specialized nerve endings & a central fluid-filled sheath
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intrafusal fibers
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proprioceptors that provide info. about the tension exerted by a muscle on a tendon
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Golgi tendon organs
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where are golgi tendon organs found?
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between collagen fiber bundles close to where the tendon and muscle connect
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possible function of Golgi tendon organs
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protective- can inhibit muscular contraction if it's so strong that it damages the tendon
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see diagram on 284.
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no, really, you need to know it.
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proprioceptors in the joints that transmit info. about joint movement & position
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joint kinesthetic receptors
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