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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Energy |
Ability to do work Potential Energy- energy housed in a body, energy stored within a system |
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Anabolism |
Building up energy Biosynthesis Building complex molecules from simpler ones (building up tissue types and organs, cell growth and repair, development of body, monomers/subunits into macromolecules) |
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Catabolism |
Breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones Makes materials available for anabolism Makes energy available for work |
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O glucose (food) + oxygen = energy |
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration |
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain |
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Coenzymes |
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) -NAD vs NADH (oxidized vs reduced forms) FAD (Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide) -FAD vs FADH and FADH2 (oxidized vs reduced forms) Acetyl CoA |
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Glycolysis |
Cytosol Spits glucose (6 C sugar) into two 3 C sugars Each 3 C sugar is oxidized to form 2 pyruvate molecules Energy gain ( 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH) |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
In mitochondria Enzymes transform 2 pyruvate from glycolysis into 2 Acetyl CoA Energy gain (2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2) |
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Electron Chain |
In mitochondria NADH and FADH2 from CAC and Glycolysis travel along membrane donating electrons |
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Fermentation Anaerobic Cellular Respiration |
Generates ATP in absence of o2 = anaerobic (2 ATP per glucose molecule (less efficient)) Normal glycolysis and CAC, but problem in ETC (NADH build up) |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation |
Animal Cells: muscle cramps from increased acidity from increased lactic acid |
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Alcohol Fermentation |
Other cells: yeast, fungi, bacteria Ethanol = alcohol |
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Neurosoma or soma |
Contains nucleus, organelles |
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Nissl Bodies |
Organelles that make neurotransmitters (chemical signals) |
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Dendrites |
Branch from soma (increases distance over which signals can be received) Primary site for receiving signals |
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Axon |
Branch from soma (increases distance over which signals can be transmitted) Conveys information away from neuron |
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Schwann Cells |
Make and enclose axon in myelin sheath Provide protection and insulation for neurons Speeds up signal transmission |
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Central Nervous System |
Brain, Spinal Column Interneurons (receive signals via afferent pathway, integrate information, send signals via efferent pathway) |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
Nerves of the trunk and limbs Sensory division and motor division |
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Glial Cells (CNS) |
Oligodendrocytes (insulate axons) Ependymal Cells (produce cerebrospinal fluid) Mircroglia (macrophages (specific to brain)) Astocytes (help to seal blood brain barrier) |
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Glial Cells (PNS) |
Schwann Cells (insulate axons) Satellite Cells (insulate neurosoma) |
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Refractory Period |
Time to re-polarize |
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Saltatory Conduction |
Nodes of Ranvier (small sections of unmyelinated axon, abundance on voltage-dependent gates, generate new action potentials, ensures signal keeps original strength) |
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Somatic Nervous System |
Voluntary Movement Involuntary Movement (reflexes) and some may be conditioned (ex. Pavlov's dog) |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Self governed (involuntary actions) Sympathetic nervous division (thoracic and lumbar region of spinal cord, accelerates (Fight or flight)) Parasympathetic nervous division (brain, cervical and sacral region of spinal cord) (Decelerates) |
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Neurotransmitter |
Chemical signal released by neuron Hormones may act as neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Norepinephrine |
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Acetylcholine |
One neurotransmitter secreted/used by both divisions Several effector cells/tissues |
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Norepinephrine |
Epinephrine- slightly different makeup but same effect (known as adrenaline and stress hormone) Secreted largely by sympathetic Promotes labor contractions, inhabits digestion, regulated blood vessel diameter (where needed), dilates bronchioles, excites heart rate, fight or flight |
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Brain Anatomy (basic) |
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem |
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Cerebrum |
Largest part of the brain, left and right hemispheres, highly folded to yield high surface area Lobes: (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula) Limbic System |
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Cerebellum |
Left and right hemispheres, houses most of brain's neurons, regulates motor coordination, tactile Spatial perception (3D, maps) Temporal perception (time) Combining types of perception (hand/eye coordination) |
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Brainstem |
Medulla oblongata (shared pathway, regulated rhythms) Pons Midbrain Diencephalon (hypothalamus and homeostasis) |
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Modality |
The type of stimulus produced/sensation detected |
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Phasic Receptors |
Quick to adapt |
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Tonic Receptors |
Slow to adapt |
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Sensory receptor classification |
Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Nociceptors Chemoreceptors Mechanoreceptors |
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Thermoreceptors |
Stimulated by presence of heat (or lack of) Internal regulate core temperature External regulate surface temperature |
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Photoreceptors |
Stimulated by light wavelengths (electromagnetic energy) Rods (rhodopsin, vision) Cones (photopsin, color vision, color blindness) |
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Nociceptors |
Type of pain sensation changes with anatomy of placement (quality and quantity)
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Chemoreceptors |
Gustatory Stimulated by solutes Olfactory Stimulated by solutes (odors, scents) Pheromones |
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Mechanoreceptors |
Stimulated by touch, motion, changes in pressure |
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Sensory Dysfunction |
Failure to receive sensations (blindness, deafness)
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Perception Dysfunction |
Failure to appropriately interpret sensations (agnosia, schizophrenia, illusion vs. hallucination) |
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Sensory receptors |
To sense: reception, transduction, amplification, transmission, integration) |