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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aristotle
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scale of complexity, all species fixed, influenced naming
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Linnaeus
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hierarchy of relationships, binomial taxonomy, supported evolution
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Cuvier
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catastrophism= large scale events caused extinction (ex: floods), species repopulated from other areas
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Hutton
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gradualism= change is a gradual process
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Lyell
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uniformitarianism= same processes occur today as in the past
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Lamarck
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inheritance of acquired characteristics= species strive to be more complex
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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came up with ideas about evolution, recognized that Darwin deserved credit
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homology
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similarity due to common ancestry (ex: limbs of humans, bats, cats, and whales are similar)
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Modern Synthesis
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-Darwin's evolution and natural selection
-Mendel's genetics -math of genetics and population evolution -ideas about speciation |
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population
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individuals capable of interbreeding in a region (isolated or can overlap, no specific boundaries)
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gene pool
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all the alleles of the genes in a population
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allele frequency
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% of all alleles of a gene that are of a particular type
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Hardy-Weinberg theorem
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describes populations that are not evolving, no change in allele frequency
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Hardy-Weinberg theorem assumptions
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1. large population
2. no gene flow 3. no mutations 4. random mating 5. no natural selection |
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genetic drift
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any change in a gene pool due to random effects of mating and recombination, more common in smaller populations (ex: bottleneck and founder effects)
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bottleneck effect
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large population goes through "bottleneck" until it is drastically reduced in size, surviving individuals may not be typical of the particular population (ex: cheetahs with feline leukemia)
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founder effect
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a few individuals are isolated from the main population (as few as 1 pregnant female) and the alleles they carry start the new population- may not be typical of original population (ex: albino monarch butterflies in Hawaii)
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gene flow
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immigration or emigration
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polymorphism
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more than one phenotype/genotype in population (ex: difference between males and females)
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continuous variation
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multiple genes with a range of phenotypes (ex: skin color, height)
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geographic variation
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isolated populations adapt to different environment- may eventually lead to speciation, obvious break
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clinal variation
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usually has genetic and environmental components, no obvious break (ex: height of plants on mountain, gradual change due to altitude)
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fitness
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contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generations (0 to 1, 1= best adapted genotype)
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directional selection
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most common, almost always continuous variation (ex: mice living in darker woods would slowly shift to darker colorings to camouflage)
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disruptive selection
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least common, individuals are pushed to either extremes because the middle trait is not desired, non random mating
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stabilizing selection
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also common, select against extreme traits (ex: birth weight in babies- smaller is sickly bigger is hard to birth)
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diploidy
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recessive genes are always preserved, maintains variation
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balancing selection
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heterozygous advantage (ex: sickle cell anemia with malaria)
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frequency dependent selection
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predator- prey interactions, survival of physical trait (phenotype) is dependent on its frequency in relation to other phenotypes within a population
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intrasexual selection
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male/male competition, most common (ex: antlers horns)
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intersexual selection
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female choice most common (ex: male birds have bright colors)
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microevolution
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changes in allele frequencies within populations
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macroevolution
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process of speciation and divergence above the species level
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anagenesis
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change within a population over time
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cladogenesis
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splitting of a population into two over time
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biological species concept
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grew out of Modern Synthesis, population or group of populations who have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
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morphological species concept
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based on structural features, doesn't work well with polymorphism
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paleontological species concept
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based on structural features of fossils
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ecological species concept
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based on ecological differences (such as food use)
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reproductive isolation
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factors that keep two populations from interbreeding, leads to speciation
-pre-zygotic: before fertilization (habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical gametic isolation) -post-zygotic: after ferilization (ex: mule is non fertile hybrid) |
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phylogenetic species concept
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set of organisms with a unique genetic history, everything since last branch
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allopatric speciation
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occurs when populations are separated by a geographic barrier and diverge genetically until they can no longer interbreed (ex: Galapagos finches)
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sympatric speciation
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occurs in geographically overlapping populations, may require chromosomal change, most common in plants ability to become polyploidy (many sets of chromosomes)
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autopolyploidy sympatric speciation
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during Meiosis 1, homologous pairs don't separate= diploid cell + empty cell
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allopolyploidy sympatric speciation
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2 plants form new species, 1 plant with odd # of chromosomes mates with sterile plant
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adaptive radiation
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rapid speciation, species colonizes new environment and sub populations quickly adapt, common on islands, may result in close genetic relation or founder's effect
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gradualism
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gradual change in tempo of speciation, change is a gradual process
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punctuated equillibrium
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stair steps in temp of speciation
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phylogeny
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evolutionary history of a species- evolutionary branching pattern
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analogy
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similarity due to similar adaptations to environment (ex: mole vs. marsupial)
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sympleisomorphies
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not informative, shared primitive characteristics (ex: all mammals have 4 legs- but so do many reptiles, insects, etc.)
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synapomorphies
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informative, shared derived characteristics, used to construct cladograms (ex: all marsupials have pouches)
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monophyletic
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cladistic group, ancestor plus all of decedents
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paraphyletic
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cladistic group, ancestor plus some decedents (ex: reptiles have separate group from birds even though birds evolved from reptiles)
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polyphyletic
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cladistic group with no common ancestor in group
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phylograms
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lengths of branches reflect # of changes
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taxonomy
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ordered classification of organisms based on characteristics
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ultrametric tree
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branches of tree represent timing of divergence
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classification
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category (ex: kingdom, phylum, class, etc.)
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taxon
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any named group at any level of classification
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evolution
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change in allele frequency of a population
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natural selection
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mechanism of evolutionary adaptation, population selects favorable traits which become more frequent in gene pool
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