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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In which of the following are both substances hydrophilic?
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Ions, polar molecules
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In the following redox reaction, which compound is the oxidizing agent (being reduced)?
C4H6O5 + NAD+ --> C4H4O5 + NADH + H+ |
NAD+
Reduction: gains electrons, gains hydrogen, loses oxygen Oxidation: loses electrons, loses hydrogen, gains oxygen |
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If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the 18O label. That one exception is
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O2
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Which dichotomous pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, like Dictyostelium?
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unicellular versus multicellular
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Carbon fixation
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incorporates atmospheric carbon from CO2 into organic molecules.
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Simple cells orginiated by all of the following except
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biotic synthesis of a lipid bilayer
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Which of the following is NOT a protobiont?
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stromatolites
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________ must be added in order to convert an unsaturated fat to a saturated fat.
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hydrogen
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Which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?
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extreme halophyles
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Many of the special properties of water are possible because of
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hydrogen bonding between water molecules.
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A solution with a pH of 4 is ______ more acidic than one with a pH of 6.
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100x
Every step = 10x |
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A monomer that consists of a central atom bonded to an amine group, a carboxylic acid, hydrogen and an “R” group is a/an
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amino acid
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Polar covalent bonds are formed when
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electrons are shared unequally between atoms
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Which of the following correctly matches an organic polymer with its respective monomers?
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protein and amino acids
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Which of the following provides long-term energy storage for plants?
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starch
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Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to the above statement?
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steroid
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Two classes of organic compounds typically provide energy for living systems.
Representatives of these two classes are |
fats and polysaccharides
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You have isolated a liquid from a sample of beans. You add the liquid to a beaker of water and shake vigorously. After a few minutes, the water and the other liquid separate into two layers.
To which class of biological macromolecules does the unknown liquid most likely belong? |
lipids
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Nucleic acids
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store and transmit hereditary information
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Atoms can be represented by simply listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons – for example, 2p+; 2n0; 2e- for helium. Which atom represents the 18O isotope of oxygen?
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8p+; 10n0; 8e-
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Air temperature often increases slightly as clouds begin to drop rain or snow. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon?
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release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds
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A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a
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glycosidic linkage
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Peptide bonds involve these two atoms
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C and N
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The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding to form a compound, hydrogen sulfide. Based on the electron configuration of sulfur, we can predict that the molecular formula of the compound will be
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H2S
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The _____________ of water causes Dr. Crawford to split his bathing trunks while doing “preacher seats” off the high dive.
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surface tension
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The next set of questions are based on the following information. A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X→Y→Z→A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme.
Substance X is |
substrate
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The next set of questions are based on the following information. A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X→Y→Z→A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme.
Substance A functions as |
an allosteric inhibitor
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If the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 10 -1 M, what is the hydroxide ion concentration of the solution?
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10-13 M
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Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?
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C2H4
CnH2n |
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What is the shape of the C2H4 molecule?
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Flat
No bending with double bonds |
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The mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway is known as
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Feedback inhibition
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The molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6) is 180g. to make a 0.5 M solution of glucose, you should do which of the following?
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Dissolve 90.0 g of glucose in a small volume of water, then add water until the total volume is solution is 1 L
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One liter of a solution pH 9 has how many more hydroxide ions (OH-) than 1 L of a solution of pH 4?
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100,000 times more (10^5)
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Wave splash onto warm coastal rock or the ebb of tides may have been physical factors that resulted in the ________ on early Earth.
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polymerization of organic polymers
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Which of the following groups probably represents the earliest branch in the evolution of eukaryotes?
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diplomonads
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The following statements about the dinoflagellates are true except
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their fossil remains form limestone deposits
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In Laminaria (phaeophyta) sporophytes and gametophytes are ___________, while in Ulva (chlorophyta) sporophytes and gametophytes are _________.
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heteromorphic---isomorphic
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Buffers stabilize the pH of a solution by
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accepting H+ ions or donating OH- ions as needed.
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Carbon skeletons are important for all of the following reasons except
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carbon forms 6 bonds. (4 bonds max)
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Which list below consists of molecules that are all monomers?
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monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides
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The results of dehydration reacations can be reversed by
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hydrolysis.
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A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule?
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amino
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If this functional group is at the end of a carbon skeleton, the molecule is called an aldehyde.
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carbonyl
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The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the
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primary level
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Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?
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competitive inhibition
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Which of the following elements is not part of SPONCH?
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sodium
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A _________ linkage forms the “backbone” of a polynucleotide
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phosphodiester
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Which of the following is not a form of passive transport across a cell membrane.
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?
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phagocytosis
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Ed placed some raisins into a solution and noticed that the raisins began to swell over time. This probably happened because the solution was ___________.
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hypotonic
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Of the following functions, the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes are most important for
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the ability of cells to recognize like and different cells
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The overall equation for photosynthesis is
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6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
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The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it
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contributes to the membrane potential
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The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is most important for photosynthesis is ___________.
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visible light
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You are told that the cells on a microscope slide may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. When you look at them, you see a cell wall but no membrane bound organelles. You conclude that the cells are
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are bacterial cells
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Which of the following is not a characteristic common to all life?
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the ability to utilize other organisms for food.
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Dr. Crawford spends a lot of time in the Great Dismal Swamp studying the interactions between plants, animals, and the physical environment (i.e. abiotic and biotic interactions). At what level of complexity is he studying?
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ecosystem
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An atom with a bonding capacity of 2 contains ________ electrons in the outermost shell.
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6
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The atomic number of aluminum is 13. Therefore, a neutral aluminum atom has ____ protons and ____ electrons.
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13 ….. 13
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Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
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an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized
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You are playing a long tennis match and your muscles begin to switch to anaerobic respiration. Which of the following is NOT a bad consequence?
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all are problems (cells convert NADH to NAD+, lactate produced, ATP production declines)
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How many molecules of CO2 would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose, a disaccharide?
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12
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Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme. All of the following statements concerning this enzyme are true except?
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it is activated by ATP
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Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?
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NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain only in respiration
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One molecule of glucose will be converted to ____________as a result of glycolysis.
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2 molecules of pyruvate
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As a skeptical scientist, you don’t believe the claim that 7 out of 10 individuals can taste PTC (Phenylthiourea), so you line up 10 individuals and give them test strips to place in their mouths, what step in the Scientific Method does this represent (having them place the strip in their mouths)?
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experiment
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Cyanide binds with at least one of the molecules involved in the production of ATP. Following exposure of a cell to cyanide, most of the cyanide could be expected to be found within the
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mitochondria
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Which of the following organic compounds is used to convert acetyl CoA into citrate for the Krebs cycle?
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oxaloacetate
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Which of the following is NOT a known function of the cytoskeleton?
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to maintain a critical limit on cell size
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You are asked to repeatedly squeeze a tennis ball until your forearm hurts. The pain in your muscles is caused by a build up of _______ due to _______.
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lactate – lactic acid fermentation
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The main reason humans and other animals need O2 is
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as a terminal e- accepter in cellular respiration..
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Carotenoids
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expand the range of wavelengths available for photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis transforms the _______ energy of sunlight to the ________ energy stored in glucose.
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kinetic….potential.
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The presence of Escherichia coli in the water supply is a sign of contamination with feces. This enteric organism belongs to which prokaryotic group?
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Gamma Proteobacteria
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Which of the following statements is correct about gram-negative bacteria?
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They often possess an outer membrane containing toxic lipopolysaccharides
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The majority of prokaryotes obtain their energy and carbon by which nutritional mode:
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Chemoheterotroph
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Photosystems consist of ________, __________, and _________.
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antennae molecules, the reaction center, electron transport chain
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Photosystems prevent energy loss by
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capturing excited electrons before they return to ground state.
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Excited electrons in Photosystem II are replaced by
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electrons from the splitting of water molecules.
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Excited electrons in Photosystem I are replaced by
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electrons from Photosystem II.
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When a molecule in the electron transport chain is reduced, it _________ electrons, and when it is oxidized it __________ electrons.
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gains ….. loses
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The major function of the light reactions is
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to generate ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
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The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to
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synthesize glucose from CO2.
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Carbon has an atomic weight of 12. If you discovered a carbon atom with an atomic weight of 14, you would have discovered a/an ________ of carbon.
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isotope
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Neon has 10 electrons, making neon atoms
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chemically unreactive.
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_________ bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons and ________ bonds are formed by the complete transfer of electrons between 2 atoms.
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covalent …..ionic
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Zea mays (corn) (a monocot) can avoid photorespiration. Therefore it is probably
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a C4 plant.
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In C4 photosynthesis, where does the carbon come from to synthesize glucose?
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from the atmosphere
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In C3 plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplasts of __________ cells, but in C4 plants the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________ cells.
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mesophyll…..bundle sheath
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Based on the model of sucrose uptake (in plants), which of the following experimental treatments would increase the rate of sucrose transport into the cell?
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decreasing extracellular pH
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In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization?
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lysosome
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Ozzy Osborne’s liver cells probably contain larger than normal amounts of _____________ because of his excessive intake of drugs and alcohol.
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smooth ER
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Receives transport vesicles that bud from the ER
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cis face of Golgi
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Which type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes?
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phagocytic white blood cell
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Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This “tagging” of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell?
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ER > Golgi > vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
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Suppose a yeast cell uses 5 glucose molecules for energy production. No oxygen is available. What will be the maximum net yield of ATP molecules?
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10
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?
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mitochondria
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Which of the following compounds enters the Kreb’s cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of CO2 from a molecule of pyruvate?
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acetyl CoA
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The primary purpose of glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle is
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to supply electrons to the electron transport chain.
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RNA molecules can be both self-replicating and catalytic. This probably means that
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RNA was the first hereditary information
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Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in
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cyanobacteria
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Rubisco fixes carbon by reacting ________ with RuBP.
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CO2
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Every 3 turns of the Calvin Cycle releases ________ molecule of G3P to form glucose and recycles _______.
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one ….. five
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Every six turns of the Calvin Cycle produces one molecule of _________..
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glucose
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If eukaryotic cells had first evolved in an environment much lower in O2 than was actually the case, how might eukaryotes be different today? They would
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lack mitochondria
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Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids because
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almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, while only autotrophic eukaryotes have plastids
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Plants and some algae exhibit the __________ life cycle, this type of life cycle includes both diploid and haploid multicellular stages.
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Sporic
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The photosynthetic stage that requires sunlight occurs in ________.
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the thylakoids
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A researcher wants to develop an assay (test) that will distinguish charophyceans and land plants from chlorophyte green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay?
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glycolate oxidase – an enzyme of peroxisomes that is associated with photorespiration
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RNA molecules can be both self-replicating and catalytic. This probably means that
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RNA was the first hereditary information
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Plant-like photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in
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cyanobacteria
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Rubisco fixes carbon by reacting ________ with RuBP.
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CO2
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Every 3 turns of the Calvin Cycle releases ________ molecule of G3P to form glucose and recycles _______.
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one ….. five
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Every six turns of the Calvin Cycle produces one molecule of _________..
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glucose
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If eukaryotic cells had first evolved in an environment much lower in O2 than was actually the case, how might eukaryotes be different today? They would
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lack mitochondria
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Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids because
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almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria, while only autotrophic eukaryotes have plastids
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Plants and some algae exhibit the __________ life cycle, this type of life cycle includes both diploid and haploid multicellular stages.
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Sporic
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The photosynthetic stage that requires sunlight occurs in ________.
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the thylakoids
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A researcher wants to develop an assay (test) that will distinguish charophyceans and land plants from chlorophyte green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay?
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glycolate oxidase – an enzyme of peroxisomes that is associated with photorespiration
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Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes all of the following more possible except
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increased number of chloroplasts in roots
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You come across an undiscovered plant in your travels and you want to determine the photosynthetic pathway of this plant. You make a cross section of a leaf and observe it under a microscope. The internal leaf contains Kranz anatomy (allowing for spatial separation between carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle) and you therefore conclude that the plant is a ____ plant?
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C4
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Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become __________, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria.
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deficient in certain vitamins
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Which of the following is not a function of proteins?
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Store genetic information.
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Denaturation causes a change in protein _______ and ______.
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shape ….. function
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Monomers consisting of a 5 carbon sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base are
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nucleotides
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The actinomycete Frankia spp. forms a symbiotic relationship with which nitrogen fixing plant:
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. Southern Wax Myrtle
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If penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of petidoglycan, then which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?
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gram-positive bacteria
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Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1) embryo, 2) gametes, 3) sporangium, 4) protonema, 5) gametophore
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4, 5, 2, 1, 3
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The city of Virginia Beach experiences milder winters than Chitlin Switch, Arkansas because of the ________ of the ocean water.
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high specific heat
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During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a Δ G (difference between reactant and product) of -20 kcal/mol. You double the amount of enzyme (lowers activation energy, doesn’t affect product or reactant) in the reaction, and now ΔG now equals
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-20 kcal / mol
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Which of the following is not one of the three most common prokaryotic cell shapes
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tetrahedral
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An example of bioremediation is
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the use of bacteria to treat sewage or clean up after oil spills
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Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer?
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Volvox
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A certain unicellular eukaryote has a siliceous (glasslike) shell and autotrophic nutrition. To which group does it belong?
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diatom
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A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group?
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red algae
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Sargassum is a large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of the Sargasso Sea, located in the mid-North Atlantic Ocean several hundred miles from the nearest continental landmass. On the basis of this description, one should expect these algae to lack
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holdfasts
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Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis as the result of splitting _________.
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H2O
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Which of the following is not considered an “extremophyle” and therefore not considered a member of Archea?
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O2 producing, photosynthetic prokaryotes
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A land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a diploid-dominant (sporophyte) generation is most likely a
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fern
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A molecule of CO2 is formed when one atom of carbon (atomic # 6) is covalently bonded with two atoms of oxygen (atomic # 8). What is the total number of electrons that must be shared between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms in order to complete the outer electron shell of all three atoms?
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4
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In their laboratory simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of
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amino acids
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Oxygen began to “gas out” into Earth’s early atmosphere approximately
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2.7 bya
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The following are all true about the life cycle of mosses except
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the sporophyte is nutritionally independent of the gametophyte
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In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with
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multicelluar diploid forms
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Most of the genetic variation in prokaryotes is introduced by which process?
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conjugation
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In the nitrogen cycle, the bacteria that replenish the atmosphere with N2 are
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denitrifying bacteria
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Which of the following groups is mismatched with it members?
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Gram-positive bacteria—diverse pathogens whose endotoxins are components of their outer membrane
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A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, the following characteristics are notes; flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to
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ferns
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Quillworts are facultative CAM plants that live along the margins of aquatic ecosystems and belong to which phylum?
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Lycophyta
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An ancient pteridophyte which has dichotomous branching and lacks true roots and leaves
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Psilotum
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Clusters of meiosporangia called sori are formed on the lower surfaces of fern fronds. In some fern species, these sori are covered by a membranous growth of the epidermis known as the
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indusium
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Protists are alike in that all are
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eukaryotic
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Which organisms represent the common ancestor of all photosynthetic plastids found in eukaryotes?
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cyanobacteria
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Prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually via
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binary fission
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During the ___________ sexual cycle which is common in most fungi and some algae, fertilization results in a diploid zygote which undergoes meiosis and develops into the next sporophyte generation
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zygotic
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You are a through hiker on the Appalachian Trail and you run out of water. You stumble upon a cool, crystal clear spring of flowing water and fill up your water bottle. Several hours later while in camp, you start to experience sharp acute pains in your stomach followed by profuse explosive diarrhea (cha cha cha). Another through hiker joins you in camp and says you have contracted “beaver fever” a.k.a. Giardia intestinalis. This little organism belongs to which
ancient eukaryotic group? |
diplomonodida
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Which of the following marine organisms produce potent neurotoxins that cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and create severe respiratory irritation to humans along the shore?
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dinoflagellates
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Properties of a system _________ that do not reflect the properties of the components of the system, but rather result from the interactions of the components.
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emerge
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To study the function of a gene associated with disease and extrapolate how it contributes to disease is utilizing a ___________.
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reductive approach
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Which of the following is not a core concept of systems biology?
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reductionism
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“Nodes” connected by “links” make up a __________. Highly connected “nodes” are known as ______.
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network, hubs
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The application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data is called________.
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bioinformatics
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Who devised an approach to the sequencing of whole genomes called “ whole-genome shotgun approach”?
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J. Craig Venter
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Who used the 16S rRNA to differentiate bacteria from archea which ultamitely led to a 3 domain classification system?
|
Carle Woese
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