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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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p^2
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F(AA)
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2pq
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F(Aa)
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q^2
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F(aa)
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polymorphism
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particular trait in a species that is viable
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apomorphy
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a new or descendant character state
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plesiomorphy
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ancestral character state
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symplesiomorphy
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shared ancestral character state
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monophyletic
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all members of the group and all descendants share the same, most recent ancestor
know all info |
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paraphyletic
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know ancestors
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polyphyletic
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know descendance
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homoplasious character
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arises from convergent evolution
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eudicots are organized or not?
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organized in ring with central cylinder in root
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monocots are organized or not?
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scattered with ring in root
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cotyledon in eudicot
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two cotyledons
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cotyledon in monocot
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one cotyledon
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veins in leaves of eudicot
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netlike
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veins in leaves of monocot
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parallel
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flower multiples in eudicot
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in 4s or 5s
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flower multiples in monocot
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in 3s
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sterile parts of flower
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sepals and petals
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reproductive parts of flower
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pistil and stamens
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stamens are what gender
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male
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components of stamens
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filament and anther
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female part of plant
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pistil
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components of pistil
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ovary, style, and stigma
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rosette
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short shoot with leaves at ground level
ex. dandelion |
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rhizome
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horizontal underground stem
ex. ginger |
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stolon
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horizontal stem above ground
ex. strawberry |
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bulb
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short stem and thick leaves, can be underground
ex. onion |
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corm
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similar to bulb but it stores food in the stem (rather than the leaves)
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tuber
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short underground stem from tip of rhizome
ex. potato |
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stem tendril
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coiling stem
ex. grape |
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thorn
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thorn
can have small leaves |
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cladophyll or cladode
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branch that looks like a leaf and can have flowers, fruit or leaves
ex. butcher's brooms |
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stem succulence
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cactus
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leaf tendril
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coiled structure that attaches to plant for support
ex. pea |
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spine
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hard, sharp-pointed
ex. cactus |
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bract
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unique type of leaf right under flower
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stipule
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blade-like and the base of the leaf
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leaf succulence
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fleshly leaf for water storage
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insectivorous leaves
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leaves for trapping insects
ex. venus flytrap |
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4 major bones in cranial region |
frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal |
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4 major bones of facial portion |
nasal bones, premaxilla, maxilla, and mandible |
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mandible is made of |
2 dentary bones |
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zygomatic arch |
cheechbone |
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foramina |
holes in the skull |
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foramen magnum |
through occipital bone to back of skull, entrance to spinal cord |
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cervical vertebrae |
first seven at the neck |
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atlas is ___ vertebrae |
first |
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axis is the ___ vertebrae |
second |
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hyoid bone |
anterior to cervical vertebrae only non-articulated bone |
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illium |
large, half heart shaped hip bones |
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pelvic brim |
inside edge of illium |
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pubis |
area at the bottom of the heart nearest genitalia |
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ischium |
upside down pretzel underneath heart |
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pubic arch |
between ischium pretzel bumps |
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thoracic vertebrae |
middle vertebrae each has an attached rib |
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sternum |
in center of chest, connects ribs |
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lumbar vertebrae |
lower back vertebrae |
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sacral vertebrae |
connect to pelvic bone |
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coccygeal vertebrae |
fused to form tailbone |
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scapula |
shoulder blade |
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clavicle |
collarbone |
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meninges |
three layers of membrane that cover the spinal cord |
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cerebrum |
largest center ofthe brain |
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cerebral cortex |
few millimeter thick gray matter covering of the cerebrum |
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corpus callosum |
thick band of fibers going across the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
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cerebellum |
convoluted portion of the brain at the back and coordinates voluntary movement |
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brainstem |
at the very bottom of the brain, attached to the spinal cord |
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medulla oblongata |
just above the spinal cord |
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midbrain |
above the pons |
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pons |
small round thing above medulla oblongata |
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thalamus |
rounded structure anterior to brainstem |
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pituitary gland |
bulbous protrusion attached to hypothalamus at base of brain |
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optic chiasma |
bulbous protrusion by the pituitary gland |
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archaea |
live in extreme environments |
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bacteria |
majority of known prokaryotes |
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autotrophic bacteria |
primitive photosynthesizers, larger cells than most prokaryotes |
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cyanobacteria |
type of autotrophic don't have membrane bound organelles |
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heterotroph bacteria types |
cocci bacilli spiral forms hyphal forms |
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cocci |
small spheres, can be alone or in groups |
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bacilli |
rod shaped |
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spiral forms |
spirilla or spirochetes spiral shape and move by spiralling |
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hyphal forms |
branched filaments |
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protists are |
eukaryotic |
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heterotrophic/non-photosynthetic protists |
amoebae and paramecia |
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amoeba |
hetertrophic, unicellular, motile, no cell walls use false feet for movement |
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paramecium |
use cilia for movement have macronucleus |
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autotrophic/photosynthetic protists |
spirogyra and volvox |
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spirogyra |
autotrophic protist non motile filmentous |
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volvox |
organisms in colony in sphere shape colony moves together as a unit |
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mixotrophic protists |
is photosynthetic but can survive heterotrophically |
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fungi |
aspergillus yeast |
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blastopore |
opening in developing embryo |
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triploblastic, diploblastic |
have 3 or 2 germ layers |
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coelom |
fluid filled cavity in mesoderm (one of the germ layers) |
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acoelomate |
coelom is lined with mesoderm on both sides |
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coelomate |
coelom is completely lines with mesoderm tissue |
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pseudocoelomate |
coelom is lines with mesoderm on one side |
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parazoa |
no true tissues asymmetric porifera sponges |
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eumetazoa |
have true tissue radially symmetrical diploblastic |
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types of eumetazoa |
cnidaria platyhelminthes (flat worm) mollusca annelida nematoda arthropoda echinodermata chordata |
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cnidaria |
aquatic sea anenomes corals jellyfish |
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platyhelminthes |
flatworm tapeworms |
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mollusca |
soft body marine or terrestrial muscles, clams, squid |
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annelida |
ringed body marine and terrestrial earthworms, leeches |
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nematoda |
thread flexible exoskeleton roundworm |
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arthropoda |
joined foot most numerous animal phylum 3 segments butterflies, wasps, lobster, crab, shrimp, centipedes, scorpions, spiders |
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echinodermata |
spiny skin marine bilaterally symmetrical sea start, sea cucumbers, sand dollars |
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chordata |
string, referring to notochord notochord, dorsal hallow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post anal tail birds, reptiles, mammals, sharks, sea rays |
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null hypothesis |
will be no change between 2 groups, the expected values will be true |
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alternate hypothesis |
there will be a difference between the 2 groups what you think will actually happen |
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log S = |
log C + z log A |
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autecology |
concerned about individual species/organisms |
