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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction:
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loses electrons and loses energy.
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Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy |
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced
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When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
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oxidized
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When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes
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reduced
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Which of the following statements describes NAD+
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NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
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Where does glycolysis takes place?
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cytosol
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The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by
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substrate-level phosphorylation
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The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
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accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
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An electron loses potential energy when it
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shifts to a more electronegative atom
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Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?
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They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.
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Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?
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B
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Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?
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B
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Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?
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B
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which step is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?
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C
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In which reaction does an intermediate pathway become oxidized?
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C
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Which step consists of a phosphorylation reaction in which ATP is the phosphate source?
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A
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During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is
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retained in the pyruvate
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In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
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NADH and pyruvate
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Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are
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2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O
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In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
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2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.
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How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?
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active transport
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Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
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acetyl CoA
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Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
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ATP and NADPH
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any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s) is (are) always necessary?
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autotrophs
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When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following?
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splitting the water molecules
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Figure 10.1 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different?
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Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.
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In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?
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harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll
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The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because
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this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm.
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Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.
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Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?
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receiving electrons from plastocyanin
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Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be
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to test for liberation of O2 in the light.
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What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?
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ATP and NADPH
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Produces NADH
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neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle
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Produces NADPH
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light reactions alone
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Requires CO2
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the Calvin cycle alone
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If the carbon atom of the incoming CO2 molecule is labeled with a radioactive isotope of carbon, where will the radioactivity be measurable after one cycle?
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in E only
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Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?
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They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2.
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CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they
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fix CO2 into organic acids during the night.
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Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of
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carbon dioxide molecules.
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What is a chromatid?
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a replicate chromosome
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The centromere is a region in which
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chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.
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If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there?
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10
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How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?
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The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.
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A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes?
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46
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If there are 20 centromeres in a cell at anaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?
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20
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If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?
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10
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In order for anaphase to begin, which of the following must occur?
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Cohesin must be cleaved enzymatically
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Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and can therefore be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team used labeled T nucleotides and introduced these into the culture of dividing human cells at specific times.
If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will |
complete the cycle and divide.
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Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and can therefore be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team used labeled T nucleotides and introduced these into the culture of dividing human cells at specific times.
Which of the following is released by platelets in the vicinity of an injury? |
PDGF
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Which is a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them?
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protein kinase
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Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active?
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Cdk
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Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis?
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MPF
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What is a karyotype?
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A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape
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The human X and Y chromosomes
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include genes that determine an individual's sex.
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Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?
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Each cell has 8 homologous pairs.
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A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following?
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Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes.
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Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?
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Homologous chromosomes are separated.
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