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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Passive movement
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Filtration, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. None of these activities expend energy
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Diffusion
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The movement of a substance toward an area of lower concentration
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water across a semipermiable membrane, such as the cell membrane
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Hypotonic solution
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Water with a lower concentration of solutes (salts, ions, and compounds dissolved in a solvent) than cytosol, cel will take in water and maybe burst if put in a hypotonic solution
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Hypertonic solution
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A higher concentration of solutes, will remove water from the cell and cause it to shrivel up
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Facilitated diffusion
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Transport proteins move solutes across the membrane
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Active transport
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When energy is consumed to move a molecule or ion against the concentration gradient (solute pumping). Can move atoms, ions, or molecules in to the cell (endocytosis) or out of it (exocytosis)
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Cytoskeleton
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The internal framework of a cell. Lies directly under the plasma membrane. Has three types of protein structure: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
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Microfilaments
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The thinnest elements, responsible for cellular locomotion, muscle contractions, and movement during the cell division
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Intermediate filaments
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much stronger from Microfilaments, and protect the cell from mechanical stresses
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Microtubules
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long strings of the globular protein tubulin, coiled tightly into a tube
tracks for organelle movement, and instrumental in chromosome movement during cell division |
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Flagella/cilia
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Flagella: single, long, propel sperm
Cilia: Look like hairs, much more common |
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Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
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Processing and sorting area for proteins synthesized by the ribosomes that stud its outer membrane
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Ribosomes
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Protein factories
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones, such as testosterone
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Golgi complex
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Resembles a stack of pancakes called saccules (small circular vesicle used to transport substances within a cell). Involved with processing of proteins and fatty acids
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Lysosomes
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Chemical packages produced by the Golgi complex that contain hydrolytic enzymes (proteins that help decompose compounds by splitting bonds with water molecules) powerful enough to digest an entire cell from the inside
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Cell's nucleus
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Contains a cell's genetic library, and is usually the largest organelle in the cell. Nucleoplasm is in the nucleus, contains DNA
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Mitochondria
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Convert digested nutrients into usable energy for the body, in the form of ATP. Mitochondria require oxygen and produce carbon dioxide in their endless production of ATP, and so the processes in the mitochondria are often called cellular respiration
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Four tissue types:
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Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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Epithelial tissue
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Composed of cells laid together in sheets- strong cell to cell attachments hold the cells together. There are 8 basic types of epithelium.
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Connective tissue
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Connects bodily structures. Composed of cells suspended in a noncellular matrix. The matrix, or ground substance, is secreted by the connective tissue cells, and determines the characteristics of the connective tissue.
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Soft connective tissue
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Includes parts of our skin, tendons, and blood vessels. Has a matrix composed of semifluid substance
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Avascular
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Without blood vessels. Cartilage is an example, all other types of connective tissue have rich blood supplies
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Types of cartilage
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Hyaline cartilage: most common type. Covers the ends of bones, allowing them to slide against one another without damage. Also found within nose and trachea
Elastic: Contains many elastic fibers in the matrix. Allos the outer ear to bend and then return to original shape Fibrocartilage: Packed with collagen fibers, so it is found where extra strength is needed such as the knee joints |
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Bone
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Tissue found in skeleton. Bone cells secrete an osteoid substance that eventually hardens and surrounds the cells in an ossified matrix
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Skeletal muscle
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Tissue that makes up the muscles. Moves your limbs and stabilizes your trunk. Composed of long, multi nucleate cells with visible striations. Voluntary muscle
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Smooth muscle
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Lines hollow organs, such as the blood vessels and the digestive tract. Short, cylindrical cells. Not under voluntary control.
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Cardiac (heart) muscle
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Short, branched, striated cells, with one nucleus at the center of each cell. Specialized communication junctions called intercalated discs facilitate the heartbeat by transmitting the signal to contract
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Nervous tissue
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"irritable," which means it responds to changes in the environment. Contains two categories of cells: Neurons and neuroglia
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Neuroglia
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The supporting cells of nervous tissue. Do not send or receive electrical impulses. Improve nutrient flow to neurons, provide physical support, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation
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Nerves
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Clusters of neurons and their projections, sheathed in connective tissue. Because they are a part of the body's periphery, they are a part of the peripheral nervous system. Sensory nerves conduct sensory messages from the body's sensory organs to the spinal cord, which routes the information to the brain.
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Organ systems in body
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11 of them. 10 help maintain homeostasis, the other is reproductive
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Proximal/Distal
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Opposite terms meaning near the core of the body versus farther from the core
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Lateral/Medial
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Opposite terms meaning found near the side of found near the middle
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Ventral cavity (location, parts)
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The belly.
Thoracic cavity: includes the chest area and houses the heart, lungs |
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Pelvic cavity
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Urinary system, reproductive system.
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Dorsal body cavity
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Includes the cranial cavity housing the brain and the vertebral cavity containing the spinal cord
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Skeleto-muscular key functions:
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-Provide movement and locomotion
-Manipulate our environment -Protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities -help maintain homeostasis by generating internal heat -maintain our upright posture and bipedal way of life |
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Ossification
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Bone formation. Can be endochondral or intramembranous. Most are endochondral, meaning that they were formed within cartilage.
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Osteoblasts/osteocytes
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Osteoblasts: immature bone cells not yet surrounded by bony matrix
Osteocytes: mature bone cells surrounded by bone matrix |
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Bone tissue (2 forms)
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Spongy or compact (dense). Compact bone material usually occurs at the edges of the bone and is composed of many individual osteons.
Spongy bone: less organized and lack osteons. Instead has trabeculae, or struts, that form in response to stress |
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Epiphyses
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Ends of the bones, include epiphyseal plate, an area of cartilage where long bones continue to grow during younger years. When bones stop growing cartilage is replaced by bone, leaving the epiphyseal line.
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Skeleton is divided into two parts:
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Axial skeleton: Central axis of the body. Includes 8 cranial and 14 facial bones, as well as vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton: The appendegaes (arms, legs, hands, feet) |
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Cranial bones, comprise skull:
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8 cranial bones held together by sutures.
Frontal bone: At the forehead, protects frontal lobe of the brain parietal bones protect the upper sides of the head, whereas the temporal bones protect the middle sides of the head and support the ears Occipital bone: back of skull Ethmoid: froms the floor of the front portion of the cranial cavity Sphenoid: provides the base for the cranium, supporting the brain |
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Vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
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Form the balance of the axial skeleton. There are 24 vertebrae, one sacrum, and 3-5 coccyx bones in the adult vertebral column. Vertibra is composed of three parts: vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the vertebral articular processes.
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Articular processes (part of vertebra)
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serve as points of attachment between adjacent vertebra and sites for muscle attachment
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Pelvic girdle
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The bones that connect the leg to the axial skeleton; the hipbones
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Ribs
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7 pairs of true ribs, and 5 pairs of false ribs. True ribs attach directly to the sternum. False ribs either attach to the costal cartilage or "float"
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Appendicular skeleton
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All bones that are attached to the axial skeleton. Comprised of limbs. It includes the Pectoral girdle, and and Pelvic girdle
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Clavicle/scapula
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Clavicle: in shoulder, most commonly broken in car/bike accidents
Scapula: "chicken wings" on your back, connected strong back bones |
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Femur
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Longest and heaviest bone in body, in upper leg
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Joints (3 types)
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Link the skeletal system, exist wherever bones meet.
-Immovable: synarthrotic -Semimovable: amphiarthrotic -Freely movable: synovial. Most common. Serve as the fulcrum of a lever. |
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Skeletal muscle
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Has an origin, an end that remains stationary when the organ shortens, and an insertion, an end that moves during contraction.
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Antagonistic (synergistic) pair
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muscles with opposing actions working together to provide smooth and controlled movements (like when doing tricep pulldowns, bicep relaxes)
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ATP
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The primary energy molecule that can be used to perform cellular funtions
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The eye has three layers:
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Outside to in...
-Sclera (fibrous layer) -Choroid (vascular layer) -Retina (nervous layer) |