Bio 10: Homeostasis

Front 1

The ____ produces urine, which dumps into the ureter at the ____ ____. Urine is then collected in the bladder until it is excreted through the urethra.

Back 1

The kidney produces urine, which dumps into the ureter at the renal pelvis. Urine is then collected in the bladder until it is excreted through the urethra.

Front 2

Each kidney has a _____, which contains a renal artery, renal vein, and ureter.

Back 2

Each kidney has a hilum, which contains a renal artery, renal vein, and ureter.

Front 3

Blood from the renal artery flows into afferent ____, which form ___ in Bowman's capsule (the first capillary bed).

Back 3

Blood from the renal artery flows into afferent arterioles, which form glomeruli in Bowman's capsule (the first capillary bed).

Front 4

Blood then flows through the ____ arteriole to the ___ ___, which surround the nephron (the second capillary bed), before leaving the kidney though the renal vein.

Back 4

Blood then flows through the efferent arteriole to the vasa recta, which surround the nephron (the second capillary bed), before leaving the kidney though the renal vein.

Front 5

-The bladder has a muscular lining known as the ____ muscle, which is under parasympathetic control. It has two sphincters.

-_____ urethral sphincter consists of smooth muscle and is under involuntary (parasympathetic) control.

-_____ urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control.

Back 5

-The bladder has a muscular lining known as the detrusor muscle, which is under parasympathetic control. It has two sphincters.

-Internal urethral sphincter consists of smooth muscle and is under involuntary (parasympathetic) control.

-External urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control.

Front 6

______ reflex: bladder is full, stretch receptors signal internal sphincter to relax, then its up to you to relax external sphincter.

Back 6

Micturation reflex: bladder is full, stretch receptors signal internal sphincter to relax, then its up to you to relax external sphincter.

Front 7

_____ is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman's capsule. The direction and rate of filtration is determined by ____ forces, which account for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Back 7

Filtration is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman's capsule. The direction and rate of filtration is determined by Starling forces, which account for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Front 8

-_____ is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman's capsule.

-_____ is the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood.

Back 8

-Secretion is the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman's capsule.

-Reabsorption is the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood.

Front 9

The proximal convoluted tubule is the site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water. The blood secretes H+, potassium ions K+, ammonia NH3, and urea into filtrate.

Back 9

Front 10

In the descending loop of Henle, water is permeable and salt is not. Thus, a lot of water is reabsorbed here from the filtrate. The vasa recta flows opposite to the filtrate creating a countercurrent multiplier system that allows maximal reabsorption of water.

Back 10

Front 11

-Filtrate and blood flow in opposite directions so ____ is not met.

-Mnemonic: Major urine products: Dump the HUNK: __, __, __, __.

Back 11

-Filtrate and blood flow in opposite directions so equilibrium is not met.

-Mnemonic: Major urine products: Dump the HUNK: H+, Urea, NH3, K+.

Front 12

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to salt but not water; therefore salt is reabsorbed. Thus, the filtrate actually becomes ____ compared to the blood.

Back 12

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to salt but not water; therefore salt is reabsorbed. Thus, the filtrate actually becomes hypotonic compared to the blood.

Front 13

-The distal convoluted tubule is responsive to aldosterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waster product excretion.

-The collecting duct is responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone and has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body's needs.

Back 13

-Aldosterone (steroid hormone) increases Na+ reabsorption in DCT and CD, thereby increasing water reabsorption. Results in increased blood volume and pressure, but no change in osmolarity.

-Antidiuretic hormone (peptide hormone): increases permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption. Increases blood volume and pressure, and lowers osmolarity. (is responding to high osmolarity)

Front 14

Kidney can regulate __ by selective reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate or hydrogen ions.

Back 14

Kidney can regulate pH by selective reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate or hydrogen ions.

Front 15

The skin is composed of three layers

Back 15

subcutaneous = hypodermis

Front 16

-______ produce melanin, which protects the skin from DNA damage caused by UV radiation; melanin is passed to keratinocytes (the main cell type in the epidermis)

-______ cells are special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin.

Back 16

-Melanocytes produce melanin, which protects the skin from DNA damage caused by UV radiation; melanin is passed to keratinocytes (the main cell type in the epidermis)

-Langerhans cells are special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin.

Front 17

-The dermis is composed of two layers: the papillary layer and the reticular layer.

-The hypodermis contains fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body.

Back 17

The skin is important for thermoregulation or maintenance of a constant internal temperature

Front 18

Cooling mechanisms include sweating, which absorbs heat from the body through evaportation of water from sweat, and vasodilation. Sweat glands are innervated by postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic neurons.

Back 18

Warming mechanisms include piloerection, in which arrector pili muscles contract, causing hairs to stand on end (trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin), vasoconstriction, shivering, and insulation provided by fat.

Front 19

Sodium is actively transported out of the nephron in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, where the concentration of sodium outside of the nephron is higher than inside; thus, energy is required to transport the sodium molecules against their concentration gradient.

Back 19

In the inner medulla, sodium ions diffuse passively down their conc gradient from the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is thick because its cells contain many mitochondria--which produce ATP needed for active transport of sodium out of the filtrate.

Front 20

The filtrate enters Bowman's capsule and then flows into the proximal convoluted tubule, where virtually all glucose, amino acids, and other important organic molecules are reabsorbed via ___ ___

Back 20

active transport.

Front 21

The kidneys function to eliminate wates such as urea, while reabsorbing various important substances such as glucose and AA for reuse by the body. Generation of a solute concentration gradient from the cortex to the medulla allows a considerable amount of water to be reabsorbed. Excretion of concentrated urine serves to limit water losses from the body and helps to preserve blood volume. Thus, the primary function of the nephron is to create urine that is ____ to the blood.

Back 21

Thus, the primary function of the nephron is to create urine that is hypertonic to the blood.