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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
behavior that violates insignificant social norms
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deviance
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mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant aprt from the rest of the society
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stigma
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social scientists who study criminal behavior
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criminologists
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situation that arises when the norm of society are unclear or are no longer applicable
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anomie
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theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society
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strain theory
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theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurance and conformity is seen as the result of social control
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control theory
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proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals
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differential association
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theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others
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cultural transmission theory
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suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts
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techniques of neutralization
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theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant
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labeling theory
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nonconformity indetected by authority in which the individual who commit deviant acts do not consider themselves to be deviant and neither does society
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primary deviance
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nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of secondary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true
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secondary deviance
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the process of labeling an individual deviant
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degradation ceremony
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acts committed in violation of the law
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crime
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job-related crimes committed by high status people
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white-collar crime
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a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence
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crime syndicate
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threat or actual use of violence to achieve politcal goals
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terrorism
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system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statute
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criminal-justice system
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the power to decide who is actually arrested
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police discretion
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the practice of assuming non-white Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans
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racial profiling
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process of legal neotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence
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plea bargaining
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sanctions- such as imprisonment, parole, and probation- used to punish criminals
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corrections
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repeated criminal behavior
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recidivism
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functionalist who developed strain theory
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Robert K. Morton
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conflict theorist who suggested that the ruling classes label as deviant any behavior that threatens their power base
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Richard Quinney
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control theorist who suggested that conformity is the result of self-control
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Travis Hirschi
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proposed the concept of differential association, suggesting that learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups
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Edwin Sutherland
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sociologist whose work heavily influenced labeling theory
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Edwin Lemert
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worked with Lemert in influencing labeling theory
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Howard Becker
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who called the process of labeling as degradation ceremony
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Harold Garfinkel
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