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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the stages of neural development? |
1. proliferation 2. migration (neuroblasts) 3. Differentiation 4. Pruning and cell death 5. Myelination |
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What is the relationship between glutamate and CNS? |
The most common excitatory transmitter in glutamate. |
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What is the outer layer? |
The ectoderm. |
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What are CAM cell adhesion molecules? |
Cells attracted or not attracted to growing axon. |
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What are some receptors of glutamate? |
AMPA and NMDA receptors.
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Is there proliferation after birth? |
No
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What is grey matter in a human MRI? |
Cell bodies.
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What is white matter in a human MRI? |
Axons.
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What happens when anterograde degeneration occurs? |
Axon cannot survive without cell body if cut away from cell body. |
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What are some symptoms of Parkinson's disease? |
Tremors, trouble initiating movements, and eventual cognitive decrements. |
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What is apoptosis? |
Programmed cell death. |
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What is male sexual behavior as observed in rats?
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Mounting, intromission, and ejaculation.
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What is female sexual behavior as observed in rats?
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Lordosis posture, darting, and hopping.
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What internal genitalia do males have?
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Wolffian ducts: prostrate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens need T. For males there is a Mullerian inhibiting hormone on Y chromosome.
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What internal genitalia do females have?
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Mullerian ducts: fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina.
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What happens when you remove testes from male rat?
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No sex if you give testosterone to male rats?
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What happens during differentiation?
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There is dendrites, axons, and synapses and cell becomes a neuron.
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What cells does myelination occur in CNS?
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Oligodendroglia
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What cells does myelination occur in PNS?
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Schwann cells
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What are the receptors in glutamate transmitters?
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AMPA: ionotropic receptor---excitation (EPSP)
NMDA: ionotropic receptor with some metabotropic functions |
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Testosterone is one enzymatic step from being converted to ___
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Estrogen
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Testosterone causes more apoptosis in the ___
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AVPV
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It is well established that proliferation can occur after birth in all of the following areas except___
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Cerebral cortex
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A female rat has her ovaries removed at birth ___ As an adult
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She will show female sexual behavior if given E and P
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If a person with XY chromosomes has androgen receptors that do not work, they willhave
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A clitoris
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Lesions of mPOA in female rats result in
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The stopping of the cycle but sexual behavior occurs with E and P administration.
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A nucleus is
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A group of neurons in close proximity of each other.
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In which of the following is there some consensus that there is a sex difference inboth size and neuron number in humans?
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INAH 3
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The male penis comes from the same tissue as the
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Female clitoris
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The SDN is in the
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mPOA
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What is required for the formation of sperm?
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Testosterone, FSH, and testes.
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Cells in the neural tube are destined to be cells in the
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Nervous system
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Which of the following does not occur during menopause?
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High LH
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What does occur during menopause?
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1. High FSH
2. Low Estrogen 3. Low Progesterone |
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An adult female rat has her ovaries removed. Her sexual behavior
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Remains the same
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Most of the growth of the human brain is due to
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Differentiation
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Females who have CAH have
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Ovaries
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Which of the following illustrates that differences in the size of a nucleus do notnecessarily indicate differences in the number of neurons in the nucleus?
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INAH 3
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A neurotrophic factor__
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Is picked up by a growing axon when it reaches its target
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If the whole neuron dies following damage to its axon it is called
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Retrograde degeneration
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How long does myelination continue in humans?
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Into the 40s.
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The lordosis reflex occurs when
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Estrogen and Progesterone are high
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What is the difference of INAH 3 size in straight males, females, and homosexual males?
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Males>females and homosexual males
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What is the difference in the number of neurons of INAH 3 in straight males, females, and homosexual males?
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Males=Homosexual males>females
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What is the relationship between INAH 3 and SDN?
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They are equal.
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The AVPV is important for the
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Female hormonal menstrual cycle
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What is the treatment for tumors?
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Stop blood vesicle growth.
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What is typical behavior of people with Fragile X?
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Autism, hyperactivity, short term memory deficits.
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What are some symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?
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Intellectual disabilities and poor muscle tone
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