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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ECHO stands for?
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Economic, Clinical and Humanistic Outcomes
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Define Pharmacoeconomics
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the descriptions and analysis of the costs and consequences of pharmaceutical and pharm services and its effect on the individ., health care systems, and society
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Economic outcomes focuses on what?
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The direct, indirect, and intagible costs compared with the consequences of medical treatment alternatives
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Humanistic outcomes focuses on what?
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Consequnces of disease or treatment on patient functional status, or quality of life.
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Clinical outcomes focuses on what?
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medical events that occur as a result of disease or treatment
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What is the difference between direct medical and nonmedical costs?
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Direct Medical costs - cost incurred for for medical prodcuts and services used for the prevention, detection, and treatment of a disease.
Direct non-medical - cost for nonmedical services that are a RESULT of a disease or illness, but do NOT require purchasing of medical serivces |
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Pharmacoecomnic evaluation is based on ____
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balancing consequences and and costs
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Define indirect costs
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Costs that results form morbidity and mortality
Morbidity - incurred from missing work which is lost of productivity Mortality - costs due to premature death |
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Distinguish between positive and negative consequences of economic assessments?
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Postive consequences may translate into life years gained, disability days avoided, health and well-being.
Negative consequences included harmful side effect, exacerbations of the disease, drub toxicty, treatment failure, and death |
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How is internediate consequences difference from final consequence?
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Intermediate are used to demonstraet clinical efficacy becuase their uses helps to lessen the costs and time reuqired to perform a clinical trials.
Also used in cost-effectiveness analyses predictive of final consequences of interest. |
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What is the difference between partial and full economic evalauations?
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Full economic evaluation examine the cost of consequences of the entire program and treamtent - usually comparing one more treatment alternatives.
Partial eval include a simple tabluation of the outcomes or resrouces consumed. |
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Give an example of a partial evaluation?
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1. Cost Analyses
2. Efficacy evaluations 3. Cost - outcome analysis |
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Define Cost MInimization Analysis
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Only compares the costs benefits of therapeutic treatments; its job is to find the least costly treatment alternative. It is assumed that they are therapeutically equivalent. If equivalency can't be established, another method should be used.
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Define Cost of Illness
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Measures the direct and indirect cost of a particular diease or illness
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Define Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Compares the costs of benefits of alternative treatments and programs. Expressed as a cost - to -benefits ratio.
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What is the difference between direct medical and nonmedical costs?
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Direct Medical costs - cost incurred for for medical prodcuts and services used for the prevention, detection, and treatment of a disease.
Direct non-medical - cost for nonmedical services that are a RESULT of a disease or illness, but do NOT require purchasing of medical serivces |
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Pharmacoecomnic evaluation is based on ____
|
balancing consequences and and costs
|
|
Define indirect costs
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Costs that results form morbidity and mortality
Morbidity - incurred from missing work which is lost of productivity Mortality - costs due to premature death |
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Distinguish between positive and negative consequences of economic assessments?
|
Postive consequences may translate into life years gained, disability days avoided, health and well-being.
Negative consequences included harmful side effect, exacerbations of the disease, drub toxicty, treatment failure, and death |
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How is internediate consequences difference from final consequence?
|
Intermediate are used to demonstraet clinical efficacy becuase their uses helps to lessen the costs and time reuqired to perform a clinical trials.
Also used in cost-effectiveness analyses predictive of final consequences of interest. |
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What is the difference between partial and full economic evalauations?
|
Full economic evaluation examine the cost of consequences of the entire program and treamtent - usually comparing one more treatment alternatives.
Partial eval include a simple tabluation of the outcomes or resrouces consumed. |
|
Give an example of a partial evaluation?
|
1. Cost Analyses
2. Efficacy evaluations 3. Cost - outcome analysis |
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Define Cost MInimization Analysis
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Only compares the costs benefits of therapeutic treatments; its job is to find the least costly treatment alternative. It is assumed that they are therapeutically equivalent. If equivalency can't be established, another method should be used.
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Define Cost of Illness
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Measures the direct and indirect cost of a particular diease or illness
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Define Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Compares the costs of benefits of alternative treatments and programs. Expressed as a cost - to -benefits ratio.
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Cost effectiveness analysis
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Method to compare alternatives, or programs where cost is measured in monetary terms and consequences are measured in units.
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Define Cost-Utility analysis (CUA)
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An anylsis that adjusts (reduces) future costs and consequences to reflect present fiscal values
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How is CUA normally expressed?
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It's expressed and cost per QALY gained, or some other health state utility measurement.
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What are the different techniques for Analysis?
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Discounting
Sensitivity Analysis Decision Analysis Incremental Cost Analysis |
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What type of analysis would be performed to help manage uncertainty in an economic evaluation? To help reveal a threshold value for changing a drug-use decision?
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Sensitivity Analysis
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When should discounting be performed?
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f the cots and consequences of program and treatment alternatives accrue during different periods within one year.
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Define decision analysis
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It's a technique often used in pharmacoeconomic evaluations to structure the logical and chronological order of the analysis
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Describe Incremental Cost Analysis
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Focus on the additional costs and additional clinical outcomes of alternative strategies
Used to answer the question, "Is the extra effoert woth the extra cost?" |
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When making decisions based on Medicaid or Medicare formulary, which perspectives should be the dominant one?
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The government or societal perspective'
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Who perspective should be considered when discussing a drug's quality of life and co-payment costs?
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The Patient's perspective
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Whose perspective is dominant in countries with a nationalized medical system?
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Society's perspective
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The science of testing questionnaires to measure attributes of individuals is called what?
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Psychometrics
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What are the 2 psychometric properties that must be included in any measurement scale or instrument?
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Reliability - relationship between variation and random error
Validity - the extent to which differences in scale scores reflect the true difference in the individuals studied. |
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What are 2 practical concerns of the critics o use of HRQOL assessments in individual patient care?
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1. respondent burden
2. reliability of scores obtained form shorter questionnaires |