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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Dalton had three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions: What is the 1st part?
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Each element is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms, which are identical for that element but are different (particularly their masses and chemical properties) from atoms of other elements.
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Dalton had three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions: What is the 2nd part?
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Chemical combination is simply the bonding of a definite, small whole number of atoms of each of the combining elements to make one molecule of the formed compound. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.
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Dalton had three hypotheses to explain the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions: What is the 3rd part?
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No atoms are gained, lost, or changed in identity during a chemical reaction; they are just rearranged to produce new substances.
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The atomic weights on the periodic table are averages of what?
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Weighted averages of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes.
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Russian chemist who constructed the periodic table of elements.
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Dmitri Mendeleev. He had a big beard, and possibly emphysema, based on his barrel chest.
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Organization of periodic table.
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Rows are periods, increase by atomic number.
Columns are groups/families. Elements within a family have similar chemical/physical properties. |
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Specific gravity
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Density of object over density of water. Dimensionless.
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Molecule
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Group of atoms chemically bonded together in a discrete unit. Electrically neutral.
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Compound
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Comprised of more than one kind of atom in a fixed ratio by mass.
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Difference between compounds and molecules?
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All compounds are molecules. If they are comprised of two or more different types of atoms, they are compounds as well.
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Atomic symbols
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Mass number is the superscript and the atomic number is the subscript.
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Ions
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atoms or groups of atoms bonded together with a net electrical charge. The charge is from adding/removing electrons.
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Cations vs Anions
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Cations positive (loss of electrons)
Anions negative (extra electrons) |
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Ionic compounds
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Make crystal lattices in solid state. Held together by ionic bonds.
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Dessicants
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Anyhdrous form of compound with a strong tendency to form a hydrate.
(Silica gel) |
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Boyle's Law
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P1V1=P2V2
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Charle's law
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V1/T1=V2/T2
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Gay Lussac's law
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It describes the relationship between pressure and temperature when volume is held constant
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Ideal Gas Law
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PV=nRT
P pressure V volume n number of moles R is a constant of proportionality known as ideal gas constant (.082) |
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Graham's law of effusion
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Rate1/Rate2=(Square root of MW2/MW1)=(u1/u2)
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Helium
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High thermal conductivity, so it rapidly pulls heat away from tissue that was lasered.
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One joule equals...
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Kinetic energy of 1 kg moving at one 1 meter per second
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Color cylinders
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Green oxygen
Yellow air Black Nitrogen Blue Nitrous Oxide |
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Cylinder capacities
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Oxygen, Air and Nitrogen
E Cylinder: 625-700 liters H Cylinder: 6000-8000 liters Pressure is 1800-2200 |
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Pressure equivalents
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1 ATM is equal to 760 mm Hg/torr is equal to 1030 cm H20 is equal to 14.7 psi is equal to 1.013 bar
(1 bar=100,000Pa= 100 kPa) |
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Absolute vs Gauge pressure
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Absolute pressure is equal to the gauge pressure plus the atmospheric pressure.
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Avagadro's constant/number
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6.022 x 1023 particles
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1 mole of gas has _____ liters at STP (which stands for?)
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22.4 liters
Standard Temperature and Pressure |
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Nitrous cylinder capacities and pressure
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E capcity is 1590
H is 15,900 Pressure is 745 Blue color |
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What is the constant of each of the following laws?
Boyle's Charle's Gay Lussac's |
Boyle's=Temperature is constant
Charle's= Pressure is constant Gay Lussac's= volume is constant |
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PV=nRT
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Ideal gas law
R is the ideal gas constant 0.082 Latm/mol,K |
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Critical temperature....
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The temperature above which a gas cannot be liquified.
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Three levels of pressure, High, intermediate, and low. What are the values?
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2000 psig
45-55 psig 16 psig |
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Pascal's principle
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The pressure applied to a confied fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount.
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Principle of Archimedes
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An object floating on fluid will displace a volume of fluid that has a weight equal to the weight of the entire object.
If the object is immersed, the volume displaced is the same as the volume of the object. |
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Bernoulli's principle
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The faster a fluid flows, the less pressure it exerts.
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Newtonian fluids
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Fluids where the viscosity of the fluid is constant, despite accelerating forces. Viscosity doesn't change with flow rate.
Water is a newtonian fluid. Oil, blood, and paint are not. Blood's viscosity decreases as its flow increases. |
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Poiseuille's theorem
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Flow rate depends on:
-Radius of tube -Length of tube -Pressure difference -Viscosity of the fluid |
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CO2 absorbents
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Grandular size is between 4-8 mesh.
4 mesh means there are 4 quarter-inch openings per linear inch. Ethyl violet is the pH indicator that is normally colorless but turns a color after the pH of the absorbent decreases. |
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Pa02 is roughly how many times the Fi02
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5
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Order of efficiency of the circuits
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Controlled:
DEBCA (DEad Bodies Can't Argue) Spontaneous: ADECB All DoggiEs Can Bite |
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Minute volume
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Vt x frequency
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Fick's law
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Rate of diffusion of oxygen across alveolar membrane is determined by tissue area and the difference in gas partial pressure of the two sides.
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Ca02
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1.34 (carrying capacity of heme)
0.003 (I think is the plasma partial pressure of plasma oxygen) 1.34 x hemoglobin x sat = (.003x Pa02) |
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V/Q
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A V/Q of infinity is "dead space" and a V/Q of near 0 is considered a shunt.
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Normal PaC02 for arterial and venous blood
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35-45 Arterial
38-52 Venous |
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Normal Sv02
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50-70 mm Hg
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Normal Pa02
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Arterial 80-100
28-48 Venous |
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A-V 02 difference
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Normally 5 ml oxygen
(Comes from normal value of 20ml of oxygen per deciliter of blood, 25% of that is used. The difference is 5ml) |
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Equation for Ca02 and Cv02
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1.34 x Hemoglobin x saturation + (.003xP02)
Note that for Ca02 you use arterial saturation and Pa02 and for Cv02 you use venous saturation and Pv02. |
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The Ca02/Cv02 equations give you the value of oxygen in the blood expressed in terms of:
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cc of oxygen per 100 cc of blood.
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Normal metabolism produces how much CO2 each minutes?
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200-250 ml
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C02 transportation
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80-90% in the form of bicarbonate
5% in carbonic acid 5-10% in carboxyhemoglobin |
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Increases PvC02
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Fever, seizures, shitting... I mean shivering, sepsis, hyperalimentation, MH, tissue re-perfusion, sympathetic response to pain.
Exogenous: Laproscopy, re-breathing |
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Central Hypoventilation
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Drugs
Brainstem lesions TFFTB Hyper-oxygenation? (I personally believe this to be a load of BS) |
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Causes of decreased VT
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Anything that impacts your ability to breathe, obviously.
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Increased VT
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Hypotension (would like to understand the mechanism here), PE, excessive PEEP
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Factors that suppress the chemoreceptors.
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Narcotics, anesthesia, chronic obstruction
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Causes of hypocapnia
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Hyperventilation
Decreased dead space ventiation Decreased CO2 production |
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Bohr effect
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Just a name for the decreased affinity that hemoglobin has for oxygen when in decreased pH. This happens at the tissue level as CO2 is exchanged for oxygen, which promotes the oxygen being dropped off at the tissues. As it moves back pulmonary circulation, it shifts back to the left and oxygen loads onto the hemoglobin with more ease.
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Haldane Effect
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Deoxyhemoglobin has 3.5 times the affinity for C02 than does oxyhemoglobin.
Deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry C02. AT LUNGS: 02 on loading to hemoglobin displaces C02. AT TISSUES: O2 off loading hemoglobin offers more C02 binding sites. |
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Lambert Beer
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Absorption of light as it passes through a clear non-absorbing solvent is proportional to the concentration of the solute and the length of the path. It is how spectrophotometry works.
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Mapleson schtuff
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Read lange.
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Oxygen and Nitrous pin numbers
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Oxygen 3,5
NO 2,5 |
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Barotrauma occurs at what pressure?
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happens at 40 cm H20
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Boiling point
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Is the temperature that causes the vapor pressure to equal ambient pressure.
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Standard II
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During the anesthetics, the patient's oxygen, ventilation, circulation, and temperature shall be continuously monitored.
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Methemoglobin sat reading
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Falsely low when actual sat is greater than 85
Falsely high sat when actual sat is less than 85. |
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NIBP
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Uses the Riva-Rocci method
If cuff is too large, your reading is too low. If your cuff is too small, your reading is too high. |
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ART line techniques
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Direct
Seldinger: Use a guide wire Transfixion: Whoops, went too far. Now I'm gonna pull back and pretend like I meant to go through the entire effing artery. |
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Advantage of Bain circuit
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Accidental disconnect
Possible kink of the tubing. |
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Pethick (sp) test
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Occlude the patient end, flush the circuit with flow, release the occusion and it should close the bag.
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Normal anatomical dead space
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150 cc
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Anesthesia shunt
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Normally 14%
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Physiologic shunt
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1%
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Carboxyhemoglobin
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200-250x affinity to hgb
IR light absorbs same wavelength (660nm red) so a pulse ox will give a false high oxygen sat. |
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Two drugs associated with methemoglobin
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Prilocaine and hurricane pray (benzocaine)
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Disadvantages of oximeter
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carbon monoxide
dyshemoglobinemias hypothermia motion poor perfusion anemia dyes: Indigo carmine, methylene blue etc |
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Anterior MI Early phase
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Early phase:
ST Elevation Tall T waves V1-6, 1, AVL ST Depression in II, III and aVf |
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Inferior MI Early phase
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ST Elevation Tall T waves II, III aVf
ST Depression V1-V6, I and aVL |
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Anterior MI Evolving phase
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Inverted T waves in V1-V6, I and aVL
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Inferior MI Evolving phase
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Inverted T waves in II, III and aVF
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Why preference for IJ on the right over the left?
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Easier and less thoracic duct problems.
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