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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the role & impact of microbes on the earth?
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Microorganisms are ubiquitous (everywhere), large #’s, 50% live in soil, impact earth terrain and ecosystem, live in places other organisms cannot, used for decomposition and photosynthesis
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Describe some ways humans manipulate m/o for benefit.
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Biotechnology: food, mining, cleaning products, and drug therapy
Bacteria and fungi: antibiotics , Yeast: human insulin |
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Summarize the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes (think about economics)?
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Infectious disease correlates with countries income level, few diseases are caused my m/o
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List the various types of organisms.
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Cellular or Acellular
Cellular= Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Acellular= Viruses and Prions |
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How do prokaryotes & eukaryotes differ?
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Prokaryotes has no organelles or no nucleus, are 10x smaller, unicellular, cell walls, all prokaryotes are m/o,
Eukaryotes have organelles, are 10x larger, are uni/multi cellular, not all eukaryotes are m/o |
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Taxonomy?
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classification of life, smaller groups, based on similarities (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
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Nomenclature?
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consist of two names genus (Capitalized) and species (the whole name italics)
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Classification?
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similar features because they share a common ancestor, new species from preexisting species
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What are the taxonomic categories?
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, family, genus, species
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Abiogenesis?
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The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life
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Hypothesis:
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A tentative explanation to account for what has been observed
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Theory:
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A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event.
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Law?
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At some point, evidence of the accuracy and predictability of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached and the theory becomes a law.
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Cohn?
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Described endospores in detail along with sterilization
(small, dormant, resistant derivative of bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions) |
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Hooke?
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1st microscope
coined the term "cell" |
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Koch?
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German microbiologist
Contemporary of Pasteur Worked on anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera Used pure cultures (initiated the use of agar) Further developed the germ theory of disease Described several postulates for proving the etiological (causative) agent of disease (1884) |
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Leeuwenhoek?
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First person to accurately describe living microbes
Used a simple microscope |
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Lister?
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He initiated the use aseptic techniques to surgery
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Pasteur?
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Used swan-necked flasks to disprove abiogenesis
Was contacted by wine producers with a problem The wine was going sour Pasteur thought that the wine was “infected” with detrimental microbes He briefly heated the wine to kill these microbes Advent of pasteurization! Also postulated that if wine can be infected by microbes, people can too This is the beginning of the germ theory of disease. |
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Redi?
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Disproved spontaneous generation of maggots
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Semmelweis?
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Puerperal fever outbreak was severe in his hospital
Observed a difference in incidence in clinical wards (patients of physicians had more cases than those of midwives) Forced hand washing by all with chlorinated lime solutions |
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Tyndall?
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Tyndall used discontinuous heating used to sterilize
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What is matter?
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any material that takes up space- made up of elements
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What is an element?
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pure substances ( carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
95% of our body weight made up of atoms |
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What are trace & bulk elements?
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BULK= CHONPS; most organisms are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen (required in large amounts)
TRACE=necessary to help chemical reactions in living organism continue at a fast enough pace for life (required in small amounts) |
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What is the definition of an atom?
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smallest piece of an element
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Describe the anatomy of an atom.
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proton, electron, neutron
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What is the atomic number?
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# of protons= # of electrons
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How are different isotopes of the same element different from one another?
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number of neutrons different
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How are atoms, molecules, & compounds related?
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atoms make up both molecules and compounds.
molecules are 2+ chemically joined atoms (O2, N2) compound are 2 atoms that are different (NaClCH4) |
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What is the difference between an orbital & an energy shell?
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orbital= most likely location for an electron relative to the nucleus
1st shell = 1 orbital 2nd shell= 4 orbitals energy shell= group of orbitals with the same energy level, electrons exist in many energy shells each ring= different energy level |
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How does the # of valence e- determine an atom’s tendency to form bonds?
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atoms do whatever it takes to fill these valance shells
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Explain how electronegativity differences between atoms result in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.
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ionic bonds= lose or gain of e- (extreme electronegativity)
nonpolar covalent= equal sharing of electrons polar covalent = unequal sharing of electrons |
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What is the relationship between polar covalent bonds & hydrogen bonds?
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they are polar covalent bonds due to unequal sharing of electrons. Each end gets partial charges
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How is cohesion different from adhesion?
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Cohesion is the tendency for H2O molecules to stick to each other
Adhesion is the tendency for H2O molecules to stick to other substances |
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What is the difference between hydrophilic & hydrophobic molecules?
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hydrophilic= water loving, polar substances, dissolves in water
hydrophobic= water-fearing, nonpolar substances, does not dissolve in water |
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Which properties of water enable it to regulate body temperature?
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more energy is needed to change the temperature of H2O than in any other liquids
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How does the fact that water expands upon freezing affect life?
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Ice is less dense than water
ice floats: H-bonds locked in place Good for aquatic life |
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What happens in a chemical reaction?
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2+ molecules "swap" their atoms to yield different molecules
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How does water participate in the chemistry of life?
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most chemical reactions take place in a watery solution
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How do acids & bases affect a solution’s H+ concentration?
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Weak acids & bases very easily dissociate to provide more H+ ions or OH- ions
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How does a pH value of 3 compare with pH of 9?
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3 is acidic and 9 is basic
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How do buffer systems regulate the pH of a cell?
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Buffers resist changes in pH
2 ways: If pH is too acidic …. absorbs H+ or releases OH- If pH is too basic…. absorbs OH- or releases H+ |
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What does organic mean?
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made up of CARBON AND HYDROGEN
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What rxn links monomers together? What rxn breaks them apart?
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links together= dehydration synthesis
breaks them apart= hydrolysis |
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What are some examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acid? What is the function of each type of molecule?
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All are the major molecules found in cells:
Carbs= simple sugars (monosaccarhide, disacc, polysacc) to provide energy & cell structure lipids= fats( phospholipids, waxes, triglycerides, sterols) long term energy storage & cell structure Proteins: amino acids joined together by peptide bond, "work horse" structure, transport, enzymes Nucleic acid: DNA and RNA, information containing |
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What kind of monomers form carbohydrates? Proteins? Nucleic acid?
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Carbs= monosaccarhides
Proteins=amino acid Nucleic acid= Nucleotides (5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, Nitrogen base) |
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What are the components of triglyceride? What are the other types of lipids?
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3 fatty acids + glycerol
other types: sterols, waxes, phospholipids |
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What is the significance of a protein’s shape, and how can that shape be destroyed?
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Shape determines function
Destroyed by denaturation (unfolding) |
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What are some differences between RNA & DNA?
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RNA- single strand, ribose sugar, U instead of T, different functions related to genetics
DNA- double strand, deoxyribose sugar, T instead of U, holds genetic code of life |
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Which structures are involved in secretion?
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Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus |
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Which structures are involved in digestion?
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Vesicles & Phagosomes
Lysosomes |
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Which structures are involved in metabolism?
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Mitochondrion
Chloroplast |
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Which structures are involved in storage & transport?
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Vesicles & Phagosomes
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Which structures are involved in locomotion?
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Which structures are involved in protection?
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Where did eukaryotic cells come from?
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Where did mitochondria come from?
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Where did chloroplasts come from?
What is the name of this theory? |
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What are the different types of eukaryotic microorganims?
Which ones are unicellular & which ones are multicellular? |
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Can you put the appropriate microbe in the appropriate Kingdom? (Molds, Yeasts, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths)
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Describe some general characteristics of fungi.
• Are human fungal infections common? • What term do we use for fungal infections? • What parts of the body do fungal infections usually affect? Protista Algae • Give some general characteristics of algae. • How are algae unique (in regards to other eukaryote m/o)? Think nutrition…. • What are the major types of algae? • Why are algae important? Give examples. |
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What are the 2 types of microscopic fungi.
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Describe the structure of fungi.
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How do fungi get their nutrients?
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What is a heterotroph? Saprobe?
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Describe fungal reproduction.
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How are fungal spores different from bacterial spores.
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How are fungi beneficial?
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