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66 Cards in this Set
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Gastrointestinal infections
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Inflammatory diarrhea (usually marked by the presence of fecal leukocytes)
Hemorrhagic colitis Non-inflammatory diarrhea Enteric fever Mesenteric lymphadenitis Peptic ulcer disease |
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Inflammatory diarrhea (usually marked by the presence of fecal leukocytes)
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Shigella sp.
Salmonella sp. (nontyphoidal) Yersinia enterocolitica enteroinvasive Escherichia coli enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (minimal to moderate number) Campylobacter sp. Clostridium difficile (causes antibiotic associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous enterocolitis) |
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Hemorrhagic colitis
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Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (including enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli) (rarely fever; bloody diarrhea with few or no fecal leukocytes)
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Non-inflammatory diarrhea (watery diarrhea without fecal leukocytes)
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enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
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Enteric fever
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Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi
Salmonella enterica, serovar Paratyphi |
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Mesenteric lymphadenitis
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Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis |
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Peptic ulcer disease
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Helicobacter pylori
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Respiratory infections
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Pharyngitis (often caused by viruses)
Otitis media (often caused by viruses) Acute sinusitis Bullous myringitis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Epiglottitis Pneumonia Pertussis (whooping cough) Diphtheria Tuberculosis |
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Pharyngitis (often caused by viruses)
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Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) - 15-30% of cases
Mycoplasma pneumoniae - <1 % of all cases Neisseria gonorrhoeae - < 1% of all cases Corynebacterium diphtheriae - < 1% of all cases |
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Otitis media (often caused by viruses)
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Streptococcus pneumoniae - 30% of bacterial cases
Streptococcus pyogenes - < 10% of bacterial cases Haemophilus influenzae (non-typable) - 20% of bacterial cases |
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Acute sinusitis (often caused by viruses)
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Streptococcus pneumoniae - ca. 30% of all cases
Haemophilus influenzae (non-typeable ) - ca. 20% of all cases |
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Bullous myringitis
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Epiglottitis
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Haemophilus influenzae, type b
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Typical pneumonia
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Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae, type b Moraxella catarrhalis |
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Atypical pneumonia
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia psittaci Coxiella burnetti |
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Pertussis (whooping cough)
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specific disease caused by Bordetella pertussis
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Diphtheria
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specific disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Tuberculosis
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Mycobacteria tuberculosis
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Meningitis
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Escherichia coli K1 and other Enterobacteriaceae
Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) Neisseria meningitidis Listeria monocytogenes Haemophilus influenzae, type b |
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Urinary tract infections
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Escherichia coli
Enterobacter sp. and several other members of the Enterobacteriaceae Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus saprophyticus Enterococcus sp. |
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Sexually-transmitted infections
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Mycoplasma hominis
Ureaplasma urealyticum Neisseria gonorrhoeae Haemophilus ducreyi Chlamydia trachomatis, serovars D-K Chlamydia trachomatis, serovars L1, L2, L3 Treponema pallidum (ALSO: the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis; see lecture on bacterial vaginosis) |
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Wound infections
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Vibrio vulnificus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumanni Clostridium botulinum Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus intermedius Streptococcus pyogenes, Group A (Note: there are many other bacteria that can infect wounds) |
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Skin infections
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) Mycobacterium leprae |
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Systemic infections-Nosocomial
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Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumonia Enterobacter sp. Proteus sp. Serratia marcescens Acinetobacter Bacteroides fragilis and other normal flora anaerobes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis |
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Systemic infections-Non-nosocomial
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Salmonella typhi (and other Salmonella sp. occasionally)
Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Bacillus anthracis Neisseria meningitidis Listeria monocytogenes Borrelia recurrentis Borrelia hermsii Leptospira interrogans Rickettsiae sp. Ehrlichia sp. Bartonella quintana Bartonella henselae Yersinia pestis Brucella sp. Francisella tularensis |
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localized infections with systemic manifestations due to toxins
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hemolytic uremic syndrome
tetanus botulism anthrax bullous impetigo scalded skin syndrome staphylococcus toxic shock syndrome diphtheria pertussis |
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Food poisoning by ingestion of a pre-formed toxin
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Clostridium botulinum
Bacillus cereus Staphylococcus aureus |
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Disease agents that induce rashes
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Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Treponema pallidum (syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi Rickettsia prowazekii Rickettsia typhi Rickettsia rickettsii Rickettsia akari Ehrlichia chaffeenis Anaplasma phagocytophilia Rickettsia tsutsugamushi |
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Agents of human diseases that are zoonotic (animal reservoir)
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Salmonella sp. (non-typhoidal)
Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Yersinia pestis STEC / enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens, type A Bacillus anthracis Listeria monocytogenes Francisella tularensis Brucella sp. Rickettsia sp. (not R. prowazekii, except perhaps a flying squirrel reservoir) Borrelia recurrentis Borrelia burgdorferi Leptospira interrogans Ehrlichia sp. Bartonella henselae Chlamydia psittaci Staphylococcus intermedius Coxiella burnetii |
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Bacterial pathogens that are vector-borne
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Borrelia recurrentis
Borrelia burgdorferi Rickettsia sp. (Coxiella burnetii ??) Ehrlichia chaffeensis Anaplasma phagocytophilum Bartonella quintana Bartonella henselae Yersinia pestis Francisella tularensis |
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Bacterial agents of congenital infections
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Listeria monocytogenes
Treponema pallidum Brucella sp |
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Bacteria that cause perinatal infections
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Escherichia coli, K1
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) Neisseria gonorrhoeae Listeria monocytogenes Chlamydia trachomatis |
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Sequelae to bacterial infections
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Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Reiter’s syndrome Guillain Barre syndrome Rheumatic fever Acute glomerular nephritis Obsessive compulsive disorder (?) Gastric carcinoma |
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Anti-phagocytic surface structures- Polysaccharide capsules
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Salmonella typhi
Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae |
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Anti-phagocytic surface structures- Protein structures
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Staphylococcus aureus: protein A
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A): M protein Neisseria gonorrhoeae: porin Yersinia sp : Yop proteins |
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Pathogenic mechanisms/virulence factors: Adhesive surface structures
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enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - colonization fimbriae (CF, CFAs)
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli - bundle forming pilus enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli - intimin uropathogenic E. coli - Pap pili (P-pili), type one fimbriae Vibrio cholerae - toxin co-regulated pilus (Tcp) Staphylococcus aureus - ribotechoic acid (binds fibrinogen) Streptococcus pyogenes - lipoteichoic acid, F protein (binds fibrinogen) Mycoplasma pneumoniae - P1 protein (attachment organelle) Neisseria gonorrhoeae - fimbriae (pili) Bordetella pertussis - filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae |
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Toxins that contribute to virulence of organisms in humans
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Gram negative endotoxin (= lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide)
Shiga toxin (Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 and enterohemorrhagic E. coli) ShET1 and ShET2 entertoxins of the shigellae / EIEC heat labile toxin (of enterotoxigenic E. coli) heat stable toxin (of enterotoxigenic E. coli) cholera toxin Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and exotoxin S Pseudomonas aeruginosa phospholipase C Pseudomonas aeruginosa hyaluronidase, collagenase, alkaline protease Staphylococcal enterotoxins (food poisoning) Staphylococcal exfoliatin - scalded skin syndrome, bullous impetigo Staphylococcal TSST-1 - toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcal leukocidin, hemolysins, hyaluronidase, coagulase Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) erythrogenic toxin - rash of scarlett fever diphtheria toxin Pertussis toxin |
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Toxins - Mode of action: Cholera toxin and E. coli heat labile toxin (LT)
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ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase regulatory protein; results in increased cAMP
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Toxins - Mode of action: E. coli heat stable toxin (ST)
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Stimulates guanylate cyclase resulting in increased cGMP.
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Toxins - Mode of action: Shiga toxin (ST) of Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
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Inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells
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Toxins - Mode of action: Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and diphtheria toxin
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Inhibit protein synthesis by ADP-ribosylation of EF-2
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Toxins - Mode of action: Botulinum toxin
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Blocks release of acetylcholine at synapse and neuromuscular junction; results in flaccid paralysis
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Toxins - Mode of action: Tetanus toxin
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inhibits inhibitory neurons; results in spastic paralysis
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Toxins - Mode of action: Anthrax toxin
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3 parts: Protective antigen; Edema factor (bacterial adenylate cyclase); Lethal factor.
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Toxins - Mode of action: TSST-I, staphylococcal enterotoxins, streptococcal erythrogenic toxins (think Scarlett fever, toxic shock-like syndrome)
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Superantigens; nonspecifically stimulate T cells to produce cytokines
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Survival within phagocytes (facultatively intracellular for phagocytes)
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Salmonella enterica, serovars Typhi and Paratyphi
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Legionella pneumophila Listeria monocytogenes Yersinia pestis Brucella sp. Francisella tularensis |
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Host protective immune mechanisms: Opsonization (host forms antibody against anti-phagocytic factor which then facilitates the uptake of the organism by the phagocyte)
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Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi
Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae, type b |
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Host protective immune mechanisms: Host forms antibody against bacterial adhesin, resulting in blocking of bacterial colonization
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enterotoxigenic E. coli
Vibrio cholerae Neisseria gonorrhoeae (although antigenic variation of gonococcal pili provides a mechanism of immune evasion) Bordetella pertussis |
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Host protective immune mechanisms: Cell-mediated immunity
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Salmonella typhi
Shigella sp. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Legionella pneumophila Listeria monocytogenes Yersinia pestis Brucella sp. Francisella tularensis |
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Gram positive cocci
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Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) Enterococcus sp. Viridans streptococcus Streptococcus bovis Remember: staphylococci and streptococci are distinguished by the catalase reaction |
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Gram positive rods
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Listeria monocytogenes Lactobacillus sp. (commensal flora of vagina) |
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Gram negative cocci
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Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Moraxella catarrhalis |
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Gram negative rods
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Klebsiella pneumoniae (in compromised patients)
Other Enterobacteriaceae (in compromised patients) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in compromised individuals) Acinetobacter Legionella pneumophila (stains poorly with Gram stain) Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus ducreyi Bordetella pertussis |
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Bacteria for which the Gram stain cannot be used in laboratory diagnosis
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma hominis Ureaplasma urealyticum Treponema pallidum |
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Enteric Gram negative bacilli: Oxidase reaction positive
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Campylobacter sp.
Vibrionaceae Pseudomonadaceae |
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Enteric Gram negative bacilli: Oxidase Reaction negative
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Enterobacteriaceae
Acinetobacter |
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Laboratory diagnosis for Enteric Gram negative bacilli:
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oxidase reaction
growth on MacConkey agar lactose fermentation on MacConkey agar sorbitol fermentation (SMAC plates) motility urease production swarming motility pigment production |
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Enteric Gram negative bacilli: nonmotile
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Shigella sp., Klebsiella
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Enteric Gram negative bacilli: motile
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Enterobacteriaceae
Campylobacter jejuni Vibrionaceae Helicobacter pylori Pseudomonadaceae |
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Other important laboratory diagnostic tests
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hemolysis on blood agar
catalase reaction bacitracin sensitivity optochin sensitivity coagulase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunochromatography serotyping (slide agglutination, latex agglutination) oxidase test growth on selective agar (i.e. Thayer Martin, sodium tellurite, etc.) non-treponemal tests (i.e. RPR, VDRL) specific treponemal tests DNA hybridization tests PCR tests |
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Epidemiological tools
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Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
Phage typing Plasmid profiles Serotyping Variety of PCR-based techniques (i.e. DNA fingerprinting) |
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Vaccines for respiratory infections
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DTaP
Pneumovax Capsular and capsular conjugate vaccines for Neisseria meningitidis (exception: group B) Haemophilus, type b conjugate vaccine |
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Vaccines for enteric infections
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Purified Vi antigen (S. typhi)
Salmonella typhi Ty21A (live, attenuated vaccine) Killed whole cells - Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi |
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Protection/treatment of toxinoses
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Passive transfer of antitoxin - botulism, tetanus, diphtheria
Active immunization - tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid |
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Reportable bacterial infections (CDC, 1997 MMWR)
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Anthrax
Botulism Brucellosis Chancroid Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections Cholera Diphtheria Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli other than O157 gonorrhea Haemophilus influenzae, invasive disease Hansen disease (leprosy) Hemolytic uremic syndrome, post-diarrheal Legionellosis Lyme disease Meningococcal disease Pertussis Plague Psittacosis Rocky Mountain spotted fever Salmonellosis Shigellosis Streptococcal disease, invasive, Group A Streptococcus pneumoniae, drug-resistant invasive disease Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome Syphilis Syphilis, congenital Tetanus Toxic-shock syndrome Tuberculosis Typhoid fever |
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Potential Biowarfare Agents
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Botulism toxins
Bacillus anthracis Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B Coxiella burnetii Yersinia pestis Brucella sp. Francisella tularensis |