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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Question
|
Answer
|
|
Which side to introduce a crop tube?
|
Left
|
|
What light is useful for examining a stressed bird?
|
Blue or Red
|
|
Take swabs from where for full examination
|
Oesophagus Crop Choana Trachea Air sac Cloaca
|
|
Total blood volume of a bird as a %?
|
6-13% Larger in smaller birds
|
|
What percentage of blood can be taken from a bird?
|
1% of body weight
|
|
Sites for blood collection?
|
Brachial (Basilic) Medial Tarsus (caudal tibial esp waterfowl) Right Jugular
|
|
Acid fast stain for?
|
Mycobacterium
|
|
Giemsa stains for?
|
Cells
|
|
Grams stain for?
|
Microorganisms
|
|
Modified Giemsa stain for?
|
Chlamydia
|
|
Stamp stain for?
|
Chlamydia
|
|
Sudan 3 stain for?
|
Fat
|
|
Features of a heterophil?
|
"Rod shaped, eosinophilic, lobed nucleus, colourless cytoplasm"
|
|
Features of an eosinophil?
|
"Blue cytoplasm, lobed nucleus, granules evenlyu distributed"
|
|
Name 3 types of inflammation?
|
"Macrophagic, Purulent and Proloferative"
|
|
Which diseases produce macrophagic inflammation?
|
"Avian TB, Chlamydia, Mycotic infections, Cutaneous Xanthomatosis, Foreign body reactions"
|
|
What type of inflammation will be caused by overwhealming bacterial infections?
|
Purulent inflammation
|
|
Which cell predominates with proliferative inflammation?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
Which cells feature in Aspergillosis?
|
Giant cells
|
|
When would you find macrophages in sheets?
|
Tuberculous granuloma of the lung
|
|
When would you get a heterophilic inflammation?
|
With acute inflammation
|
|
The classification of a Carcinoma is?
|
Epithelial
|
|
The classification of a Sarcoma is?
|
Mesothelial
|
|
How much barium for contrast radiography?
|
0.05mls / g
|
|
What should you do before endoscopy?
|
Xray to assess the size of the organs
|
|
How long to fast before endoscopy?
|
3 hrs to avoid reflux
|
|
What size endoscope is useful?
|
2.7mm
|
|
Risks with avian endoscopy?
|
"Ruptured liver and bleeding. If bleeds, raise head 45 degrees to avoid blood in lungs"
|
|
GLDH is very specific for?
|
Liver Cell Necrosis. Is in the mitochondria for hepatic cells
|
|
GGT useful for ?
|
Bile stasis
|
|
Bile acids increase with?
|
Reduced liver function
|
|
Birds with no gall bladder are?
|
"Pigeons, Parrots, Ostriches and Rheas"
|
|
Fasting is necessary to check Bile acids in birds with?
|
No gall bladder
|
|
Bilirubin is useful for?
|
Obstructive jaundice
|
|
Interpret Calcium in conjunction with?
|
Albumin
|
|
Which calclium is more accurate?
|
Ionised
|
|
Hypocalcaemia common in which bird?
|
African Grey
|
|
Urea useful for what?
|
Assessing hydration
|
|
How many times more efficient is the avian pulmonary system ?
|
10 times more efficient that mammals
|
|
Features of the avian lung?
|
"Fixed to roof of thorax, less distensible, thinner blood-air barrier"
|
|
How many air sacs?
|
8 (80% volume capacity)
|
|
Which are the unpaired air sacs?
|
Cervical and Clavicular
|
|
Name the paired air sacs?
|
"Cranial Thoracic, Caudal thoracic and abdominal"
|
|
Why are air sacs susceptible to aspergillosis?
|
Poor vascularity
|
|
A feature of airflow in birds?
|
Unidirectional. There are aerodynamic valves at junctions of bronchi and parabronchi
|
|
Air flow sequence?
|
trachea to syrinx to primary to secondary to tertiary bronchi or parabronchi to air sacs
|
|
Site of gas exchange?
|
Parabronchi or tertiary bronchi. A network of sacs and capillaries.
|
|
What is Insufflation?
|
Air sac perfusion
|
|
What can induce apnoe in waterfowl on induction?
|
The diving reflex
|
|
What will help dilate the pupil of an avian eye?
|
Insufflation
|
|
How long can an air sac tube be left in situ?
|
3 weeks
|
|
Intubate above what size?
|
100gms
|
|
Where is the rimma glottis?
|
Caudal tongue
|
|
What is the Crista ventralis?
|
A horn like projection acros the lumen of the glottis that can prevent intubation
|
|
Which birds have a Crista ventralis?
|
"Penguins, Hornbills, Toucans, Some gulls"
|
|
When should you pre oxygenate a bird for GA?
|
With pre existing respiratory disease
|
|
When should you delay a GA?
|
If PCV less than 20% or if renal impaired
|
|
Which part of airway is affected if dyspnoea and cyanosis?
|
Lungs
|
|
Which part of airway with a change in voice?
|
Syrinx. Syringeal aspergillosis
|
|
Signs if infection just in the air sac?
|
"Malaise, Inappetance. Not necessarily dyspnoeic."
|
|
Fluid rate in birds?
|
50ml / kg (can give 10ml/kg as a bolus before GA)
|
|
When can you repeat a blood transfusion?
|
After 1 week. Dont have to cross match.
|
|
When to give blood?
|
If PCV less than 20%
|
|
Which vein to give iv fluids?
|
Ulnar vein or superficial basilic
|
|
What weight not to fast a bird for GA?
|
Less than 200g
|
|
How long an interval without food before develop hypoglycaemia?
|
3 hours
|
|
In which birds is buprenoprphine ineffective?
|
Psittacines
|
|
Are steroids safe in birds?
|
No. Use with care. No more than 48hrs worth. Use short acting.
|
|
What drug is effective for feather plucking?
|
Clomipramine. 1mg/kg po
|
|
Which cases would you NOT use domitor and letamine?
|
"Obese, cardiac and renal impaired"
|
|
What is Telazol?
|
Tiletamine and Zolazepam. Has been used orally in buzzards.
|
|
Propofol in birds?
|
No
|
|
When not to use Nitrous oxide?
|
Respiratory disease
|
|
Circuits to use in birds?
|
Ayres T and Mini Bain
|
|
Is the eye position useful for monitoring?
|
No. Its fixed.
|
|
Corneal reflex for GA monitoring?
|
Yes. Slow but present.
|
|
Can resp rate be used for anaesthetic monitoring?
|
Not consistent. Can be fast wehn light and deep
|
|
Use of pulse oximeter in birds?
|
Use with caution. Monitor Trends and changes.
|
|
Is a capnograph useful for monitoring?
|
YES
|
|
How soon should a budgie eat after GA?
|
Within 30 mins otherwise crop feed
|
|
Emergencies during a GA?
|
"Doxapram, Pull tongue, adrenalin"
|
|
2 Parasites in the oral cavity of birds?
|
Capillaria and Trichomonas
|
|
3 viruses in oral cavity of birds?
|
"Pox virus, Herpes virus and Psittacine Beak and Feather disease virus"
|
|
Gizzard worm know as?
|
Amidostomum
|
|
Name 6 GIT bacteria?
|
"Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Klebsiella, Yersinia, Megabacteria and Mycobacteria"
|
|
Name 6 GIT virus infections?
|
"Papillomata, PBFD, Adenovirus, Rotavirus, Psittacine Proventricular Dilation and Polyomavirus"
|
|
Lymphoplasmic ganglioneuritis and encephalitis also known as?
|
PPDS
|
|
Mesenteric ganglioneuritis also know as?
|
PPDS
|
|
How to control PRDS?
|
"Closed collections, Hygiene, Keep in isolation for years and PCR testing"
|
|
What age can a bird get PPDS?
|
From 10 weeks to 17 years!!
|
|
What caused PPDS?
|
A Borna Virus or rather the Immune reaction to the virus
|
|
What is used to treat PPDS?
|
COX2 nsaids. Ideally Cellebrex
|
|
What species of bird can get PPDS?
|
"Many Psittacines, Toucans, Canaries, Finches, Spoonbills and Canadian Geese"
|
|
What tests can be used for PPDS?
|
"Antigen PCR, Serology and check for Leucocytosis. Also xrays"
|
|
Signs of PPDS?
|
"Anorexia, depression, undigested food in faeces, regurgitation of food, CNS signs (abnormal head movements, ataxia, siezures, proprioceptive reflexes)"
|
|
What is damaged with PPDS?
|
Autonomic ganglia
|
|
What is the incubation period for PPDS?
|
Up to 4 years!
|
|
Differentials for PPDS?
|
"Megabacteria, Parasites, Heavy metal poisoning, neoplasia, FB, Yeasts, Viruses and Vit E def"
|
|
What is PBFD?
|
Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
|
|
What casues PBFD?
|
A Circovirus
|
|
How long outside the host can PBFD virus last?
|
2 years
|
|
How many forms of PBFD are there?
|
"3. Acute form, Intermediate form and Chronic form"
|
|
What are the signs of the acute form of PBFD?
|
"Neonates in the growing phase, some found dead, most get 90% feather damage within a week"
|
|
What are the signs of the intermediate form of PBFD?
|
"Bird is weak, some feather dystrophy, marked leucopaenia. African Greys 2-9 months."
|
|
Which is the commonest form of PBFD?
|
Intermediate form
|
|
What are the signs of the chronic form of PBFD?
|
"Mature birds, powder down feather afected first, shiny beaks, dystrophic feathers stop growing as they emerge from follice, Progressive Immunosuppression, Lymphocytosis"
|
|
In which birds does PBFD occur naturally?
|
Free living Australian cockatoos
|
|
How do you diagnose PBFD?
|
"PCR of feather pulp, blood and faeces"
|
|
What do you do if you get a positive PCR for PBFD?
|
Isolate the bird and retest. If still positive PTS
|
|
What treatment has been tried for PBFD?
|
Avian interferon
|
|
What are the signs of avian upper respiratory disease?
|
"Inflammed cere, neck stretching, exercise intolerance, dysponoea, open mouthed breathing, nasal plugs, peri orbital swelling, head shaking, epiphora"
|
|
Name two diseases of Psittacines that often causue URT disease?
|
Chlamydiosis and Chronic malnutrition (excess of seeds)
|
|
What are the signs of lower respiratory tract disease?
|
"Voice change, dyspnoea, tail bobbing, cough, difficult inspiration and expiration, inappetance and vomiting"
|
|
What organism causes Psitticosis?
|
Chlamydophila psittaci
|
|
What is Chlamydophila psittaci?
|
An obligate intracellular parasite capable of trasmission via cell mitosis
|
|
Which bird is most commonly affected by Psittacosis?
|
Cockatiels
|
|
How many serovars of psittacosis are there?
|
"5. psittacine, 2 x pigeon, duck and turkey"
|
|
From what can a bird become infected with psittacosis
|
"faeces, feather dust"
|
|
How long is the incubation period for psittacosis
|
5-7 days
|
|
What are the signs of psittacosis in humans?
|
"anorexia, nausea, photophobia, chest pain, vomiting, pneumonia, headache, spike fevers, night sweats"
|
|
What are the signs of psittacosis in birds?
|
"Often latent for years, respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, fluffed up appearance, Lime green diarrhoea"
|
|
How is psittacosis diagnosed?
|
"PCR (batched faecal), Immunocomb (in house), ELISA (Clearview, Rapid Chlam, Surecell but can get false positives)"
|
|
How soon after antibiotics can a bird be PCR negative for psittacosis?
|
48 hours
|
|
What is the best available test for psittacosis in house?
|
Immunocomb
|
|
What blood changes might you expect with psittacosis?
|
"Raise liver enzymes, raised fibrinogen and raised WBCc"
|
|
What organ do you need to diagnose psittacosis from an impression smear?
|
spleen
|
|
Name 2 antibiotics used to treat psittacosis?
|
Doxycycline for 45 days and Azithromycin
|
|
Anatomy of the avian nasal cavity?
|
"2 halves, 3 segments (conchest) into sinuses"
|
|
"What will cause squamous cell metaplasia, hyperkeratosis and sterile abscesses in the nasal, choanal and lingual area?"
|
"Vit A deficiency. Treat with 30,000 IU every 3 weeks"
|
|
With an avian sinus infection what can you flush with?
|
Baytril 0.75ml in 20mls saline
|
|
What is a rhinolith?
|
A marked proliferation of the cere
|
|
What is the long term consequence of a sinus infection?
|
Lysis
|
|
Name 3 birds that are particularly susceptible to aspergillosis?
|
"African Grey, Amazon Parrot and Cockatoo"
|
|
What is Syngamus trachea?
|
Gape worm
|
|
In which bords are the gape worm more common?
|
Ground birds
|
|
What intermediate transport hosts are involved with the gape worm?
|
"Earthworms, slugs and snails"
|
|
What is Sterrastoma tracheocolum?
|
Air Sac Mite
|
|
"What are Serratopiculum, Cyathostoma and Trichomonas and what system do they infect?"
|
Respiratory parasites.
|
|
How can a bird get aspiration pneumonia?
|
Crop Feeding and after a GA
|
|
What is the prognosis for aspiration pneumonia?
|
Poor
|
|
Above what temperature is teflon released from non stick cookware?
|
>280 degrees C
|
|
Features about nebulisation?
|
"Ionising is best, less than 0.5 microns, 5 times per day, 20 mins"
|
|
What might cause a budgie to have a click sound on inspiration?
|
Iodine deficiency from feeding low grade seeds
|
|
Excessive egg laying will eventually cause?
|
Osteoporosis and malnutrition. Prone to yolk peritonitis.
|
|
What can be done to prevent excessive egg laying?
|
"Dont remove the eggs, reduce photoperiod to 8 hrs/d, remove the nest, remove toys, change environment, reduce energy of feed."
|
|
Treatment for excessive egg laying?
|
"Salpingohysterectomy, Suprelorin every 12-18 months, HCG, Leuoprolide acetate every 2 weeks for 3 doses"
|
|
Why would a bird get egg binding?
|
Torsion of the oviduct or fluid deficiency
|
|
How would you diagnose egg binding?
|
xray WBCc and Ca
|
|
What treatments are available for an egg bound bird?
|
"Fluids, Calcium, wrming, surgery (drain and implode). Oxytocin is ineffective."
|
|
Any treatment options for egg peritonitis?
|
Coelomic draining and hyaluronidase lavage. But adhesions.
|
|
Name 2 viruses involbed in cloacitis?
|
Herpes (oncogenic) and Papilloma
|
|
How would you treat a cloacal prolapse?
|
Cloacopexy and cloacoplasty
|
|
Name some parasitic causes of feather plucking?
|
"Mites and lice, but uncommon. White sheet at night. Also a type 4 hypersensitivity."
|
|
Name som allergic causes of feather plucking?
|
Food (sunflower) House dust and aspergillosis
|
|
Name some environmental causes of feather plucking?
|
"Smoke, too dry (central heating), excessive daylight (cover up)"
|
|
Name some metabolic causes of feather plucking?
|
"Septicaemia, psittacosis, liver dz, hypothyroidism (cockatiel)"
|
|
Toxic causes of feather plucking?
|
Lead and Zinc (cheap cages)
|
|
Main infectious cause of feather plucking?
|
PBFD
|
|
Name some psycological causes of feather plucking?
|
"Boredom, attention seeking, stress, sexual frustration, OCD, trauma and pain"
|
|
What types of toys should you give a parrot?
|
"Climbing, Chewing, Foot and Puzzle"
|
|
What drugs can be used to alleviate stress in a bird that is feather plucking?
|
"Haloperidol, Prozac and Clomipramine"
|
|
What relationship should an owner have with its bird?
|
Parent Child or Leader Follower
|
|
What commands should a bird learn to obey?
|
"Up, Down, No and OK"
|
|
What percentage of time is spent preening?
|
20%
|
|
What percentage of time is spent playing?
|
30%
|
|
What percentage of time is spent flying for food?
|
50%
|
|
In wild raptors the commonest fractures involve?
|
Wing 86%
|
|
In captive raptors commonest fracture involves?
|
Leg (tibiotarsus) 82%
|
|
What organism may be involved in an avian fracture?
|
Mycobacterium avium
|
|
What is a fracture of the tibiotarsus?
|
Fracture at the junction of 1st and 2nd third of tibiotarsus 3mm from the crest
|
|
When might a fractured tibiotarsus occur?
|
First week on perch with Jessies
|
|
How might you repair a fracture tibiotarsus?
|
Multiple intramedullary stacked pins
|
|
Which is the commonest throacic limb fracture?
|
Coroacoid Furcula Scapula. Esp Sparrowhawk (French windows)
|
|
How would you repair a fracture thoracic limb?
|
"<300g Immobilise the wing, Over 300g internal fixation."
|
|
Which is the commonest bone fractured in the wild bird?
|
Proximal Humerus. Esp Northern Goshawk and N Sparrowhawk
|
|
Why should you not flush the surgical site when repairing a fractured humerus?
|
Pneumatised with clavicular air sac.
|
|
What type of fixator might be used for a fractured humerus?
|
Hybrid
|
|
What percentage of mid shaft humerus fractures are compound?
|
60%
|
|
What prognosis would you give for an elbow dislocation?
|
Poor
|
|
How would you repair a fractured radius?
|
Intramedullary pin
|
|
How would you treat a fractured ulna?
|
Cage rest and wing rest 3 weeks
|
|
What is synostosis and how would you treat?
|
Fusion of radius and ulna after fracture. Cut and insert fat pad to prevent reforming.
|
|
How might you repair a fractured pelvic limb?
|
Rush pins
|
|
Normal fluid requirement for a bird?
|
50ml/kg/d
|
|
If a bird is sick what fluid replacement might you give?
|
"Assume 10% dehydrated. Replace half plus daily requirement in days 1, then quarter plus DR day 2 and quarter plus DR day 3."
|
|
What formula can you sue to calculate a drug dose?
|
E (dose) = [W in gms / 100] to the power 0.75 multiplied by D (dose for cat/dog in mg/kg)
|
|
What percentage of problems in birds are husbandry or managment?
|
75%
|
|
What are and what causes frett marks?
|
Lines on feather. Stress disease steroids
|
|
What might cause deaths of canaries at fledging?
|
Toxoplasma. Look for big liver. Do impression smear of liver.
|
|
Best insurance for birds?
|
Golden Valley
|
|
Name 2 diseases you might consider with a distended crop?
|
Heavy metal poisoning and PPDS
|
|
What viral diseases might you consider with cloanal papilloma?
|
Herpes (oncogenic) and Papilloma
|
|
How much blood can you take?
|
1% of body weight.
|
|
What blood tube would you use for lead analysis?
|
EDTA
|
|
What would you use to check for zinc?
|
Polypropaline. Non rubber syringe.
|
|
How much more efficient is the avian gas exchange?
|
10 times more efficient that mammals
|
|
What is the choana?
|
Slit in the roof of the mouth
|
|
What night cause a wider than normal choana?
|
"Vit A deficiency. Treat with 30,000 IU every 3 weeks"
|
|
What would cause a squamous metaplasia of the salivary gland?
|
"Vit A deficiency. Treat with 30,000 IU every 3 weeks"
|
|
Can you overinflate a bird?
|
No
|
|
Avian cardiac arrest usually ocurs after?
|
3 minutes of apnoea
|
|
What dilution of F10 to treat fungal infections and eye infections?
|
1 to 1000
|
|
What is a Nao Bow counting chamber?
|
WBC counting chamber. A+b+c+d divided by 20 - WBCc. Use Res Eckers stain.
|
|
Which is the onlymobile vertebrae?
|
L3
|
|
A normal proventricum isless than 47% of?
|
the length of the sternum
|
|
Kidney enlargement puts pressure on which nerve to cause paresis?
|
Sciatic
|
|
What infections would you consider with an enlarged spleen?
|
"Aspergillosis, TB and psittacosis"
|
|
The heart width should be less than 50% the width of?
|
the chest
|
|
What is polyostosis?
|
Solid bones
|
|
When does polyostosis occur?
|
"Prior to breeding, dominant bird imprinted to human, hepatic lipidosis. Usually females."
|
|
What diet would cause artherosclerosis?
|
A high seed diet
|
|
Why can you get aspergillosisin some bones?
|
Becasue they are pneumatic (eg. Humerus)
|
|
What would air sac lines on an xray indicate?
|
Air Sacculitis
|
|
Between which ribs would you enter with an endoscope?
|
"Left side, between 7th and 8th ribs, caudal to sternum medial to pubis."
|
|
What disease might be induced using steroids?
|
Diabetes
|
|
Which compounds should you avoid in birds?
|
"Anything with aine. Eg. Lignocaine, amethocaine, procain"
|
|
What percentage of seed diets have aspergillosis?
|
40-60%
|
|
What can cause acute respiratory distress and death?
|
"Fabreeze, Shake and vacc and aerosols"
|
|
Most human cases of psittacosis come from which birds?
|
Ducks and pigeons
|
|
What percentage of parrots in the UK have psittacosis?
|
30%
|
|
Which bird species should you NOT use Itraconazole?
|
African Grey. Its toxic
|
|
How long should you use F10 nebulisation?
|
2 months
|
|
Another name for Macaw Wasting disease?
|
PPDS
|
|
What causes Pacheco disease?
|
A psittacine specific herpes virus
|
|
Which birds are most affected by Pacheco disease?
|
Macaws and Amazons
|
|
Is Avian Influenza more commonin wild or captive birds?
|
Wild
|
|
Clinical signs of Pacheco disease?
|
"Sudden death (eg. In quarantine station) . Also depressed, watery green to bronze faeces. Some CNS signs. Multiple necrotic foci in liver and spleen."
|
|
Name 2 notifiable diseases?
|
Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza
|
|
What causes Newcastle disease?
|
Avian Paramyxovirus (PMV-1)
|
|
Birds are left or right?
|
Left. Left kidney. Left jugular.
|
|
What is the Apteriae?
|
The featherless track in Psittacines. Used for heat exchange?
|
|
What happens if you collect an avian blood sample in EDTA?
|
Erythrocytes lysed
|
|
What colour iris do the male and female cockatoos have?
|
Male is Black. Female is Pink
|
|
What colour sear does the male and female budgie have?
|
Male is Blue. Female is Brown. (however an old female with a tumour may have a Blue sear)
|
|
What might you consider with a lame budgie?
|
Abdominal tumour?
|
|
Which birds are very susceptible to PBFD?
|
"Parrots, Lovebirds, Ringnecks, Rainbow lorakeets, African Greys, Macaws and Cockatoos"
|
|
Is there a vaccine available for PBFD?
|
Not in the UK. Yes in USA. Give at 14 days old and 1 month later.
|
|
What is French Moult?
|
PBFD
|
|
What happens to blood calcium with PBFD?
|
Low. Hypocalcaemia. Can get pathological fractures!
|
|
Which bird is most susceptible to the Polioma virus?
|
Budgie
|
|
What type of virus causes Avian Influenza?
|
An orthomyxovirus
|
|
What birds have been implicated in spreading Avian Influenza?
|
Gulls during their post moult migration
|
|
Which parasite will commonly cause a GI blockage?
|
Ascarids
|
|
Which worm is often fatal?
|
Capillaria and Trichomonas
|
|
Why does a budgie vomit?
|
Courtship vomit or Trichomonas
|
|
Which bird can get a cloacal prolapse (floppy cloaca)?
|
the frustrated Cockatoo
|
|
How to manage the frustrated cockatoo?
|
"Reduce daylight, remove mirror, reduce energy of diet, Suprelorin implant, Offer fist not fingers, Parentchild relationship."
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Do bird retinas have blood vessels?
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No
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Where do the secondary feathers of the forlimb insert?
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Onto the periosteum.
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How do avian bones grow?
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Through cartilagenous extension
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Why does a swan get angelwing?
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Overfeeding of bread
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When does PBFD affect a Lorikeet?
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Only and ONLY when stressed! Must stop bird staff at a zoo working with Lorikeets.
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Pathology of PBFD?
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Necrotising enteritis and hepatitis. Basophilic Intranuclear inclusion bodies.
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What type of virus causes PBFD?
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Adenovirus
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What casues avain Malaria?
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Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium elongatum
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Common diseases of the penguin?
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"Aspergillosis, Plasmodium (malaria), Heat exhaustion and bacterial infections"
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Signs of Malaria in a penguin?
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"Dyspnoea, air sacculitis, regurgitation and death"
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What time of day would you take a blood sample from a penguin to check for malaria?
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Mid morning. Maximum parasitaemia.
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What will you look for from blood sample from a penguin with malaria?
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RBC Intracellular organism. Lymphocytosis.
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How would you diagnose malaria on PME?
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"Splenomegaly, Hepatomegaly, Hydropericardium, Pulmonary epicardial and subcutaneous oedema."
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What would you use to treat avian malaria?
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Chloraquine or Primaquine weekly for 4 weeks
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What animals are susceptible to Plasmodium infections?
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"Penguins, wild passerines and Chelonians"
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What are the linical signs of Plasmodium inection in a tortoise?
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A fatal haemolytic anaemia
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What are the main vectors of plasmodium species (Malaria)
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Mosquito (Culex and Aedes)
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Which birds can develop Iron Storage Disease?
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"Toco Toucans, Mynahs, Quetzals and Bird of Paradise"
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Definition of Iron Storage Disease?
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An excessive accumulation of Iron in the liver and other major organs
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Signs of acute iron storage disease?
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Death
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Signs of chronic iron storage disease?
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"Emaciation, dyspnoea, ascites, loss of balance and feather picking. Sometimes just see poor fertility!"
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How do you diagnose iron storage disease?
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Histology of liver. Look for haemosiderosis.
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How can you monitor iron storage disease?
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Serial liver histology with computer aided analysis of haemosiderin.
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How would you treat iron storage disease?
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"Remove iron (phlebotomy and chelation), Low iron diet, Avoid CITRUS fruits and add tea (tannins)"
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