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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is sound? |
-pressure vibrations through a medium, particle motion in the air -needs source, medium to travel through, and receiver |
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physical property of sound: intensity/pressure (dB) |
human response to sound: loudness (sone) |
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physical property of sound: frequency (cps or Hz) |
human response to sound: pitch (mel) |
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physical property of sound: phase (milliseconds, seconds) |
human response to sound: localization (loction of sound) |
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physical property of sound: spectrum (frequency content; why voices sound different) |
human response to sound: quality (tambre) |
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motion of air particles with sound |
-vibrate back and forth but maintain same relative position -compression and rarefaction |
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energy is transmitted because the system exhibits... |
mass and electricity |
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minimum audibility curve |
softest sound normal young adults can hear |
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general hearing range |
100-8000 Hz |
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wave compression |
condensation |
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period |
time that elapses during one complete wave cycle |
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frequency |
the number of complete cycles per second, or Hz Hz - 1/period |
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peak amplitude |
measure from midline (rest) to peak |
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peak-to-peak amplitude |
measure from peak to trough (high point to low point) |
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root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude |
45 degree point; ongoing long-term average |
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three basic physical qualities |
-length -mass -time |
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velocity |
(length)/(time) |
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acceleration |
(length/time)/time = L/t^2 |
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force |
(mass)(acceleration) |
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area |
(length)(length) (for area of a square or rectangle) |
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pressure |
(force)/(area) |
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equation for computing dB SPL |
dB SPL = 20LOG (pressure of interest/reference pressure) = 20 microPascals |
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0 dB SPL |
20 microPascals (or 20 microNewtons/meter^2) |
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double pressure of interest |
adds 6 dB SPL |
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can't add decibels together |
must add microPascals then convert |
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add mass |
decreases frequency |
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add stiffness |
increases frequency |
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two sound waves 180 degrees out of phase |
opposite; cancel each other out |
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destructive interference or sound cancellation |
180 degrees out of phase waves cancelling each other out |
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wave interference |
constructive interference- add if in phase destructive interference- subtract if out of phase, cancel if 90 degrees out of phase |
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Fast Fourier transform (FFT) |
convert from waveform format to spectral format |
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Fourier analysis |
going from time domain to frequency domain |
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Fourier synthesis |
going from frequency domain to time domain |
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waveform format |
Y axis dB, X axis time |
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spectral format |
Y axis dB, X axis frequency (Hz) |
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cycle |
wavelength- crest to crest or trough to trough |
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logarithm |
the exponent to which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number ex. log 1 = 0, log 10 = 1, log 100 = 2 |
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Newton |
unit of force, 1 Nt = 100,000 dynes |
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octave |
measure of frequency- up one is double frequency |
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major divisions of the ear |
peripheral mechanism- outer, middle, inner, VIII cranial nerve central mechanism- brainstem and brain |
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outer ear |
pinna, external ear canal, eardrum |
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middle ear |
three ossicle bones (malleus, incus, stapes), two major muscles (stapedial muscle, tensor tympani), Eustachian tube |
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inner ear |
cochlea (hearing; sense organ of hearing), vestibular system (balance) |
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central auditory system |
brainstem and brain |
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outer ear resonance |
pinna (auricle) and ear canal both influence amplification |
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umbo |
where malleus attaches to timpanic membrane |
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cone of light (light reflex) |
anterior-inferior quadrant; light bounces off medial wall of inner ear and bounces back, may be smaller or absent if problems/scarring |
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annulus |
ring around eardrum, fastens it into place |
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concha |
opening to ear |
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malleus |
adds to vibratory efficiency of system |
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pars tensa |
inferior part of eardrum, tense so vibrates better |
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pars flaccida |
superior part of eardrum, flacis so doesn't vibrate as well |
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ossicles |
-malleus, incus, stapes (hammer, anvil, stirrup) -link tympanic membrane to oval window and cochlea, anchored by ligaments -transfer vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear or cochlea |
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stapes |
transits vibration to fluid-filled chamber of cochlea |
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middle ear boundaries- top |
roof: tegmen tympani |
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middle ear boundaries- bottom |
floor: jugular vein below |
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middle ear boundaries- anterior wall |
canal for tensor tympani, opening of auditory tube (Eustacian tube) |
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middle ear boundaries- posterior wall |
mastoid air cells, VII, facial nerve canal, stapedius muscle |
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middle ear boundaries- medial wall |
oval window (attaches to stapes), round window (fenestra cochlea), bump = prominance |
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otitis media |
infection of the middle ear |
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manubrium |
malleus handle, attached to tympanic membrane |
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chambers of the cochlea |
scala vestibuli, scala tymbani, connect at helicotrema; black line is scala media |
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ear drum |
tympanic membrane |
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Why do infants get more ear infections? |
Eustachian tubes shorter, smaller, more horizontal |
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cochlea in and out |
oval window in (from stapes), round window out |
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where scala vestibuli and scala tympani connect |
helicotrema |
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fluid in cochlea |
endolymph |
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basilar membrane |
in cochlea, resonates; apex wider (low) and base narrower (high); divides scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
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organ of Corti |
end organ of hearing |
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tectorial membrane |
covers hair cells |
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hair cells |
have cilia; inner and outer |
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stria vascularis |
provides nutrition |
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nerve fibers in organ of Corti |
sends pulse, goes to 8th nerve then brain |
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outer hair cell |
works like muscle fiber, moves, efferent nerve cells, cilia embedded into tectorial membrane |
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inner hair cell |
cilia near but not in contact with tectorial membrane, afferent nerve fibers |
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external auditory meatus |
ear canal |
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stapedius muscle |
attaches to the stapes, muscle of the inner ear |
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tensor tympani |
attaches to the malleus, muscle of the inner erar |