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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Isotherms:
line at ... joining points of .... |
Wx chart
same temp |
|
SAT (temp)
ambient ....... ...air temp same as ... |
static air temp
free OAT |
|
Rame Rise
by .... at .... |
adiabatic comp
hi speed |
|
TAT
is the temp .... =...+... |
indicated on instrument
SAT + RR |
|
Adiabatic process
.... with no .... |
changes
loss/ gain of energy |
|
DALR
is ...../1000ft |
3 c
|
|
SALR
is ..../1000ft |
1.5 c
|
|
ELR > DALR
? |
Unstable
|
|
ELR < SALR
|
Stable
|
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DALR > ELR > SALR
|
conditionally stable
(unstable when saturated ) |
|
JSA?
|
Jet STD ATM
assumes no Tropopause |
|
Px is the ... of .... of air
|
weight
column |
|
Isobars
Lines at .... joining lines of .... |
Wx chart
equal Px @ SL |
|
Density
.... per .... of a substance |
mass
unit volume |
|
@constant Px
Temp vs. Density |
i-prop
|
|
... has the max effect on density
|
temp
|
|
Humidity vs Density
|
i-prop
|
|
RH:
Ratio of ....at air to .......... at current ... as ... |
water vapor
max the air can hold temp % |
|
RH vs. moisture
|
prop
|
|
measuring RH?
|
wet/dry bulb temp
|
|
no more ... at DP
|
water vapor
|
|
DP temp vs. moisture
|
prop
|
|
Dry = wet bulb temp ⇒ ...
|
air is saturated
|
|
Flight level is a ... of ...... abv ...
|
plane
constant ATM Px STD |
|
Flight level ⇒to the nearest ...
|
1000
|
|
DA is the ... @w ........ experienced corresponds to .
|
Px
air density value |
|
QFE:
|
Px observed at FE
|
|
QFE shows a zeroed altimeter at ....or ...
|
TD point on Rwy
Highest point on AF |
|
QNH is ... reduced to ... using ...
|
QFE
MSL ISA |
|
QNH
2 types |
Airfield
Regional : lowest MSL Px for area forc. |
|
QNE
shows .... and ... where ... is set |
hight
touchdown 1013 |
|
Contour chart levels
700mb=... |
10,000 ft
|
|
Contour chart levels
500mb=... |
18,000 ft
|
|
Contour chart levels
300mb=... |
30,000
|
|
Contour chart levels
200mb=... |
40,000
|
|
Contour chart levels
100mb=... |
50,000
|
|
cloud formation requires
(3) |
moisture
lifting action adiabatic cooling |
|
when a parcel of air cools adiabatically , its ... goes up
leading to ... to be reached and hence becomes saturated |
RH
DP |
|
Fibrous clouds
|
Cirriform
|
|
heaped clouds
|
Cumuliform
|
|
layered clouds
|
Stratiform
|
|
rain bearing clouds
|
Nimbus
|
|
Hi level clouds are above ...
containing ... |
16500 ft
ice crystals |
|
med level clouds are above ...
containing ... |
6500 ft
ice/crystal mix |
|
what are stratocumulus ?
|
low level cloud
|
|
cloud cover reporting
FEW |
1/8 - 2/8
|
|
cloud cover reporting
SCT |
3/8 - 4/8
|
|
cloud cover reporting
BRK |
5/8 - 7/8
|
|
cloud cover reporting
OVK |
8/8
|
|
cloud base calculation
ROT formula |
(surf temp / surf DP) x 400
|
|
cloud base calculation
formula |
[(surf DBT - WBT) / 1.5] x 1000
(1.5 is DP laps rate ) |
|
tropopause is btw ...and ...
|
Troposphere
Stratosphere |
|
Inversion is caused by
... cooling @ ... .... @ hi Px sys ... mix |
low level / night
subsidence turb |
|
Surface inversion
.... cools by .... ⇒ ....... cools |
ground / radiation
surf air |
|
Drizzle
V.small WD : .... |
0.1 to 2.0
mm |
|
Rain
WD size |
2.0 to 5.8
mm |
|
heavy rain
@ larg AC Wt inc by ... Drag inc by ... |
2 %
20 % |
|
heavy rain ⇒ PAPI ....
leading to .... |
false ind
low app |
|
rain halo around Rwy lits ⇒
|
illusion of being closer to gnd
|
|
Met Visibility is
the ......... @w objects are ... @ ...... or ...... |
greatest Hor Dist
recognized day light special lights at night |
|
RVR
... that .... can be seen from a point coresp. to .... @ .... |
max dist
Rwy lits pilot eyes / TD |
|
SVR
acronym |
Slant Vis Range
|
|
SVR
.... as seen from .... and could be ... that actual |
Vis
app better |
|
RVR msrment using ....
|
transmissometer
|
|
transmissometer
type 1 > .... msrs ... type 2> ... msrs ... |
Reflective > reflectivity
Tx & Rx > intensity |
|
Met vis to RVR conv
not for ... & ... |
Take off minima
CAT II-III landing minima |
|
Fog or Mist forms when small ... and ... difference
|
DP
Temp |
|
favorable cond
for fog/mist |
Hi RH
Temp & DP > close/equal little/no wind > 2-8kts little/no clouds > loss of rad |
|
fog: vis is ....
mist: vis is ... |
fog : below 1000ft
mist : above 1000ft |
|
Radiation Fog
principle of formation: .... the .... ....... over ... |
ground cools the surface air
moist air over cool ground |
|
Radiation Fog
favorable conditions |
no clouds
little wind |
|
Radiation Fog
occurs in ... @ ... |
land
night |
|
Advection Fog
principle of formation: by ..... ......... over ... |
horizontal movement of air
warm moist ar over cool ground |
|
Advection Fog
favorable conditions |
lit to mod winds for mixing
|
|
Advection Fog
occurs ... @ .... |
in land or sea
day or night |
|
Frontal Fog
Caused by .... |
interaction of two air masses
|
|
Frontal Fog
produces a .... fog |
widespread
|
|
Sea smoke (arctic smoke)
principle of formation: .... over ... |
cold air over warm surf
|
|
Precipitation induced Fog
principle of formation: .... |
warm air through cold air
|
|
Upslope Fog (hill fog)
principle of formation: ........ air .... at mountain slope |
moist warm stable
cooled |
|
Optimum icing temp
|
0 to -20 deg C
|
|
limited icing at temp of ... cuz ...
|
below -40 C
any moisture >> crystal |
|
Types of icing and temp range
Clear |
0 to -10
deg C |
|
Types of icing and temp range
Clear & Rime |
-10 to -15
deg C |
|
Types of icing and temp range
Rime |
-15 to -20
dec C |
|
Rime ice
.... droplets from ... clouds |
small
stratiform |
|
Rime ice
freezing .... , ... air hence its ... and ... |
quickly
trapping opaque brittle |
|
Clear ice
... droplets from ... clouds |
large
Cu |
|
Clear ice
freezing .... and hence are .... and ... |
slowly
strong clear |
|
Rime ice effect on aerofoil and Wt
|
only changes aerofoil
|
|
Clear ice effect on aerofoil and Wt
|
affects both
|
|
Freezing Rain
Caused by ....... falling through .... |
warmer ari above subzero air
|
|
Carb ice
at the .... of ... eng |
carb venture
norm asp |
|
Carb ice
Occurs mostly at .... @ ... |
warm moist air
low power |
|
Carb ice
temp range |
+10 to 15 C
upto +30 C |
|
Engine anti ice needed when ?
|
OAT below +10 C
+ visible moisture |
|
Icing Conditions Definitions
perceptible but no hazard |
Trace
|
|
Icing Conditions Definitions
occasional anti/de icing |
Light
|
|
Icing Conditions Definitions
anti/de icing is necessary and potentially hazardous |
Mod
|
|
Icing Conditions Definitions
de/anti icing won't help immediate diversion necessary |
Sever
|
|
Jet streams
... to ... kts |
60 to 200
|
|
Jet streams
just below the ... |
T.Pause
|
|
Jet streams
found where ...... exists |
rapid temp change
|
|
major Jet streams
|
Polar front
subtropical |
|
Polar front Jet stream
where ... meets .... so it has the ..... |
polar air
subtropical air largest thermal gradient |
|
Polar front Jet stream
is max @ .... over.... |
winter
land |
|
Clear Air Turb (CAT)
Worst just ...... |
below the Jet stream core
@warmer air @colder(polar)side |
|
Turbulence Classification
Rhythmic buffet |
Chope
|
|
Turbulence Classification
may require seat belt |
Light
|
|
Turbulence Classification
unsecured obj at rest |
Light
|
|
Turbulence Classification
requires seat belt unsecured objects move |
Moderate
|
|
Turbulence Classification
Sever (3) |
momentarily out of control
violent against seat belts unsecured obj tossed about |
|
Turbulence Classification
Extrem |
practically out of control
structural dmg |
|
Ts. requirements (4)
|
instability
warm moist air lifting action trigger action |
|
Ts moves in the direction of .... wind
|
med level
|
|
Types of Ts. (3)
|
Air mass
steady state severe |
|
Ts. formation
Developing stage: .... formation ... drafts ... occures |
cumulus
up condensation |
|
Ts. formation
Mature stage: most ... ...drafts |
hazardous
up and down |
|
Ts. formation
final(dissipating) stage: intermittent .... ... shape |
showers
anvil |
|
Gust
... ... inc of ... |
sudden
brief wind speed |
|
Squall lines
winds over ... kts last at least .... |
22
one minute |
|
Squall lines
are .. nm ahead of Wx front |
20
|
|
Virga
also... ...stage of Ts. |
fall streak
final |
|
Hail is
... the storm ... the anvil ... of the storm |
inside
under downwind |
|
Turbulence
... ft vertical ... nm lateral |
5000
20 |
|
Lightning
within ... or ... of freezing level |
5000 ft
-/+ 10 C |
|
Lightning
is ind of .... |
svr turb
|
|
Microburst is a ... ... downdraft
|
short
concentrated |
|
Microburst is less than ... in diam.
happens close to |
4 km
ground |
|
W.shear recovery technique
|
Max power
Maintain config until clear max rate / grad of climb |
|
Nexrad
detection of … princ …. |
windshear
hi resolution radar |
|
LLWAS?
|
Low level windshear alert system
|
|
mountain waves accrue@ ….
upto …(vertical and lateral) |
lee ward side of mountain
100 mile 4000ft |
|
Favorable conditions for standing waves
|
flow at right angle to mountain
15kts of wind speed @ top inc with hight stable layer |
|
lee trough?
|
low pressure @ downwind
of mountain |
|
Gust factor = ..
|
(max speed - min speed ) / mean speed
|
|
m/s to kts
|
x 1.95
|
|
kts to m/s
|
x 0.514
|
|
clockwise > …
anti clockwise >... |
veer
back |
|
Pressure Gradient Force
a … force by …. across ... |
natural
pressure difference |
|
Pressure Gradient Force
at Right Angle to …. generates airflow from ... |
Isobars
Hi to Lo |
|
Coriolis Force
caused by …. acts at …. to …. motion |
earth's rotation
right angle air |
|
Coriolis Force
is zero at … max at ... |
Eq
Poles |
|
Coriolis Force
causes a … at N.H. |
right deflection
|
|
Geostrophic Wind
Resultant of .. and .. |
Pressure Gradient Force
Coriolis Force |
|
Geostrophic Wind
along ……... |
straight parallel isobars
|
|
Geostrophic Wind
its strength is prop to ... |
isobars spacing
|
|
Geostrophic Wind
is from … to .. hight |
low
med |
|
Gradient Wind
Its a modification of …. |
Geostrophic Wind
|
|
Gradient Wind
its round ... |
curved isobars
|
|
Gradient Wind speed
vs Hi & Lo pressure system |
lower round a low
higher round a hi |
|
force required to keep wind @ circle
|
Cyclostrophic wind
|
|
Thermal winds
by ……. at ……. |
large hi level expanses of air
different temp |
|
Thermal winds
are parallel to ... |
isotherms
|
|
Thermal winds
speed is prop to |
isotherm spacing
|
|
Low pressure system
… rotation |
anti clockwise
|
|
surface wind variation
below 2000 ft … than gradient wind bcz of … wind … & … with hight |
lower
surface friction back/ decrease |
|
Diurnal wind variation
@ day …. @ night ... |
closer to Gradient wind
back and dec (n.h) |
|
Tri cell theory
also ... |
halley cells
|
|
Tri cell theory
Eq … /.../... |
convergence
rising air tropical |
|
Tri cell theory
@ 30 deg N/S …. /... |
Anticyclone (hi Px system )
deserts |
|
Tri cell theory
@ 60 deg N/S …./.... |
Depression
disturbed frontal Weather |
|
Tri cell theory
@ poles ... |
cold dry air
|
|
Upper Winds
polar hi … subtropical ... tropical ... |
polar easterlies
westerly NE Trades |
|
Thermal Eq is the … position of
………. |
geographic
max thermal surface temp |
|
Thermal Eq moves towards the ... at summer
|
poles
|
|
ITCZ is a … zone caused by ….
|
unstable
trade winds convergency |
|
ITCZ winds
very little winds at ITCZ |
doldrums
|
|
ITCZ winds
caused by Coriolis effect |
NE & SE trade winds
|
|
ITCZ winds
Reversal of wind direction at winter seasons |
Monsoons
|
|
Monsoons
is caused by ……. of ... |
differential heating
land and sea |
|
Rainy monsoon
|
SW summer
|
|
Dry monsoon
|
NE winter
|
|
Fohn wind
a …… air @ …. |
dry warm
lee side |
|
Air Mass:
…. mass of air with ……. of …and ... |
larg
similar properties temp / moisture content |
|
Air Mass classification is based on ...
|
source
|
|
Air Mass classification
Eq → T → P → A → (deg of lat ) |
10 of Eq
blw 30 40 - 60 60 - 90 |
|
Air Mass track classification
|
C → land
M → sea |
|
TRS
………. depressions @ …. round ... |
deep intense
Eq region ITCZ |
|
TRS
time? |
late summer
early autumn |
|
TRS
Formation conditions (3) |
large low pressure system
warm ocean (28 C) 5 to 20 deg latitud |
|
TRS
occurs near … where …. exists |
ITCZ
Coriolis effect |
|
TRS
movement direction |
E to W
away from Eq |
|
TRS
Dies over … bcz of …. |
land
friction / lack of moisture |
|
TRS
… rotation in S.H |
clockwise
|
|
TRS
name @ indian / Pacific |
cyclone
|
|
TRS
name @ Caribbean / Americas |
Hurricane
|
|
TRS
name @ China sea |
Typhoon
|
|
TRS
stages |
Formation
immature mature decay |
|
TRS
average diameter |
500 nm
|
|
Pressure systems
a … air mass moving at … ie. … to ... |
circulating
specific direction Hi to Lo |
|
Constant Px charts
joining Constant Px places showing varying hights |
contour charts
|
|
Hi pressure system
consists of … air mass |
one
|
|
Hi pressure system
moves … lasts … and is ... |
slowly
longer more persistant |
|
Hi pressure system
due to subsiding air , DP … and RH ... |
increase
decrease |
|
Low pressure system has a hi …. over and area
|
concentration
|
|
4 types of depressions
|
frontal
thermal tropical storms orographic |
|
Ridge ?
(3) |
Hi pressure system
curved elongated U shaped ridge is calmer |
|
Col ?
|
low pressure area
btw 2 lo and 2 hi |
|
col weather characteristics
|
Unstable @ sea @ summer(Ts)
Stable @ land @ winter(poor vis) |
|
Frontal Depression
2 ari mass meet but don't … bcz ... |
mix
difference is temp and density |
|
Cold front has a … slop of ...
|
steep
1:50 |
|
Cold front coverage area is …
and that gives ... |
30 -50 nm
little warning |
|
cold front is … moving but … at altitude
|
fast
lags |
|
After a cold front passage,
we'll have a sudden drop in ... but … will stop falling |
temp
Pressure |
|
warm front has … slop of ...
|
shallow forward
1:150 |
|
top of warm front is … ahead of surface position.
|
600nm
|
|
Warm front approaching :
… lowering upto ... |
cloud base
low level N.S. |
|
warm front is … than cold (speed)
bcz the … used to lift it up! |
slower
geostrophic wind component |
|
wind direction … at cold front passage and … at warm front passage
|
both VEER
at N.hem |
|
a visible discharge ?
|
St. Elmo's Fire
|
|
what is the reversal of ocean currents ?
|
El Nino
|
|
Report of Volcanic ass
|
Ashtam
|
|
Eruption codes
Red Orange Yellow Green |
R → in prog dng abv FL250
O → in prog dng not abv FL250 Y → time to time G → ceased |
|
TAF?
|
Terminal Aerodrom Forecast
|
|
TAF:
A coded …….. for and AD |
routine weather forecast
|
|
TAF periods (2)
|
9 hr → updated every 3 hr
24 hr → updated every 6 hr |
|
TAF Trends
FM |
new part
supersedes main |
|
TAF Trends
BCMG |
@ special time
permanent |
|
TAF Trends
TEMPO duration |
not lasting more than :
one hr @ a time half the specified period |
|
TAF Trends
PROB |
Less than 50%
|
|
TAF Trends
INTER |
intermittent change
more frequent than TEMPO |
|
TAF Trends
GRADU |
gradual change
|
|
TAF Trends
RAPID |
less than 30 min
new permanent weather |
|
METAR period
|
hourly
half hourly @ fixed time > 20 / 50 min past |
|
NOSIG ?
at METAR |
no significant change in 2 hrs
|
|
TREND ?
at METAR |
significant change in 2 hrs
|
|
CAVOK
|
Ceiling & visibility OK
vis >= 10 km no CBs no cloud blw 4000ft / MSA no sig weather near/@ AP |
|
ATIS ?
|
Automatic Terminal Information Service
|
|
ATIS includes … & ...
|
current weather
operation |
|
VOLMET includes …/ …/ ...
|
current weather
trends sigs |
|
Special Forecast
|
Long flight
with prior notice |
|
SPECI
|
Report certain weather conditions
|
|
AIRMET
|
Recorded Telephone briefing
for specified area |
|
SIGMET
|
Warn of Significant Met Conditions
|
|
SIGMET validity
|
4 hrs
|