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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A circle formed on the surface of a sphere by the intersection of a plane that passes through the center of the sphere |
Great Circle |
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The reference line used to measure longitude |
The Prime Meridian |
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The places where meridians and parallels cross |
Coordinates |
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Used to measure angular distance east and west of the prime meridian |
Longitude Lines |
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Parallels and Meridians are divided in ______ _____ & _______ |
degrees, minutes, and seconds |
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Used for measuring degrees of latitude north and south of the equator |
Parallels of Latitude |
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One minute of longitude along the equator is equal to ____ NM |
1 |
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When Coordinates are used to define position, is latitude or longitude stated first? |
Latitude |
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The shortest distance between two points on a sphere, such as the earth |
Great Circle Route |
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A line which makes the same angle with each meridian of longitude, and is longer than a great circle route |
Rhumb Line |
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Must be used for all mileage’s in IFR planning and operations. It is also used in conjunction with federal airways and is used for aircraft separation rules |
Nautical Mile (NM) |
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1 NM is equal to: |
-6,076.1 feet -1.15 statute miles -1 minute of latitude |
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Always used in conjunction with visibility |
Statute Mile (SM) |
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1 SM is equal to: |
-5,280 feet -0.87 NM |
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Knot (KT) |
-1 NM - NM and KTs are universal in ATC |
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NM conversion Formula |
NM = SM x .87 |
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SM conversion Formula |
SM = NM x 1.15 |
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Also Referred to as “Zulu” time |
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) |
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The Earth is divided into ____ time zones |
24 |
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Four time zones of the United States |
Eastern Central Mountain Pacific |
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Each zone is ____ of longitude wide starting at the prime meridian |
15 Degrees |
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To convert from LST to UTC |
- First convert to 24 hour clock - Determine appropriate conversion factor and apply |
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Daylight Savings Time (DST) |
Starts at 2am the second sunday in March, and ends at 2am on the first Sunday in November |
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Indicated Airspeed (IAS) |
Shown on the aircrafts airspeed indicator Used in pilot/controller communications |
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True Airspeed |
Relative to undisturbed air mass Used in: -Flight Planning -En route portion of flight |
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Ground Speed |
The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth is true airspeed corrected for the effects of wind |
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Mach Number |
Ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound, expressed in decimal form |
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ToA |
indicated airspeed decreases with increases in altitude and temperature |
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Air becomes ________ as temperature increases |
Less Dense |
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A mass of air moving over the Earth’s Surface in a definite direction |
Wind |
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Wind is stated to include the following: |
Direction from which the wind is blowing Velocity in knots |
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Winds affect on Ground speed |
Increased by tailwind Reduced by headwind |
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Affects speed and direction of flight |
Crosswind |
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Represents the intended path of the aircraft over the earths surface |
True Course |
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What an free object will do as the air moves downwind with the speed of the wind |
Drift Angle |
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The actual path that the aircraft has flown over the earths surface |
Track |
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In one hour, an aircraft drifts downwind an amount.... |
Equal to wind speed |
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True Heading (TH) = |
True Course (TC) Corrected for wind
TC +/- WCA = TH |
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It is the controllers responsibility to compensate for wind speed and direction when: |
Formulating Estimates Issuing Radar Vectors |
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Variation |
The angular difference between True north and Magnetic north |
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Isogenic Lines |
Connect points of equal difference between true and magnetic north |
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Agonic Line |
Connects points of zero variation
There is only 1 Agonic Line |
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Magnetic Heading (MH) = |
True Heading (TH) corrected for Variation TH +/- VAR = MH |
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The error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influence in the structure and equipment of the aircraft |
Deviation |
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Results from magnetic influences within aircraft |
-Electrical circuits -Engine -Other magnetized parts |
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Compass Heading = |
Compass Heading (CH) is the magnetic heading (MH) corrected for Deviation MH +/- DEV = CH |
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Navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, and speed, ground speed, and elapsed time |
Dead Reckoning |
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The determination of position by identification of landmarks from their representation on a chart
Suitable for slow aircraft flying close to the ground |
Pilotage |
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In flight planning, aviation charts are used to plot and determine |
True Course Distance Variation |
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Any electronic device, airborne or on the surface, which provides point-to-point guidance information or position data to aircraft in flight |
Radio Navigational Aid |
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8 Radio, self contained, and satellite navigation systems |
NDB VOR TACAN DME VORTAC ILS INS GNSS |
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Compass Locator |
When a radio beacon is used in conjunction with the Instrument Landing System (ILS) markers |
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Non-Directional Radio Beacon (NDB) |
An Low medium frequency or ultra high frequency radio beacon transmitting non-directional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft equipped with direction finding equipment can determine his/her bearing to or from the radio beacon and “home” or track to or from the station |
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All radio beacons except the ___________, transmit continuous three-letter identification in morse code except during voice transmissions |
Compass Locators |
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Least accurate NAVAID |
NDB |
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VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR) |
Ground-based electronic navigational aid transmitting very high frequency navigation signals, 360 degrees in azimuth, oriented to magnetic north |
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Primary navigation facility for civil aviation in the NAS |
VORs |
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Three classes of VORs: |
T (Terminal) : used for navigation in a terminal area around an airport L (Low altitude) : Generally used to navigate on airways H (High Altitude) : Used to navigate on all ATS routes |
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The effectiveness of the VOR depends on what? |
Proper use and adjustment of both ground and airborne equipment |
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The accuracy of course alignment of the VOR is generally plus or minus ____ degree |
One |
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Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) |
A ultra-high frequency electronic navigation aid which provides suitably equipped aircraft continuous indications of bearing and distance to the TACAN station |
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Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) |
Equipment (airborne and ground) used to measure, in nautical miles, the slant range distance of an aircraft from the DME navigational aid |
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Distance information received from DME equipment is ________ distance and not actual horizontal distance |
Slant Range |
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Difference between slant range and horizontal distance is greatest _______ |
Near the NAVAID, at high altitude |
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DME Distance is displayed _____ |
as slant range distance |
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A vortac provides three individual services at one site |
VOR Azimuth TACAN Azimuth TACAN distance (DME) |
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TACAN frequencies are in the ________ band |
UHF |
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What DME equipment on the ground is required to respond to the aircraft interrogator? |
Transponder |
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The ILS is designed to provide |
An approach path with both course and altitude guidance An exact alignment and descent of an aircraft on final approach to a specific runway |
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The directional transmitter are known as the ______ and _______ |
localizer and glide slope transmitters |
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Primary components of the ILS |
Localizer Glide Slope Marker Beacon |
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Provides horizontal (left/right) guidance along the extended centerline of the runway |
Localizer |
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Provides the vertical (up/down) guidance along the descent path toward the runway touchdown point |
Glide Slope |
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Gives Range information along the approach path |
Marker Beacon |
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ILS Supplementary Components |
Approach Lights Compass Locator DME |
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Assisting in the transition from instrument to visual flight |
Approach Lights |
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A low power, low or medium frequency (L/MF) radio beacon installed at the site of the outer or middle marker |
Compass Locator |
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Collocates with the GS Transmitter providing positive distance-to-touchdown information or DME associated with another nearby facility (VOR or standalone), if specified in the approach procedure |
DME |
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The Localizer signal is usable: |
Vertically and Laterally |
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When is the ILS approach not usable? |
if the localizer is out of service |
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What do approach lights provide? |
The basic means to transition from instrument flight to visual light for landing |
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Provides aircraft position and navigation information in response to signals resulting from inertial effects (from the movement of the aircraft) on system components |
The inertial Navigation System (INS) |
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What is the INS comprised of? |
Gyros, accelerometers, and a navigation computer |
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INS accuracy is very high following initial alignment and decreases with time at the rate of _______ |
1-2 nautical miles per minute |
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Refers collectively to the worldwide positioning, navigation, and timing determination capability available from one or more satellite constellation in conjunction with a network of ground stations |
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) |
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A satellite-based radio navigation system, which broadcasts a signal that is used by receivers to determine precise position anywhere in the world |
The Global Positioning System (GPS) |
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A minimum of how many satellites is necessary to establish an accurate three-dimensional position? |
Four |
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Who is responsible for operating the GPS satellite constellation and monitors the GPS satellites to ensure proper operation |
The department of Defense (DOD) |
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A satellite navigation system consisting of the equipment and software which augments the GPS Standard Positioning Service (SPS) |
WAAS- Wide Area Augmentation System |
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Provides precision navigation guidance for exact alignment and descent of aircraft on approach to a runway |
LAAS - Local Area Augmentation System |
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An aircraft based, self contained fault detection program, which can alert a user when questionable data is being received from a GPS satellite |
RAIM - Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring |
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A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground or space based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these |
Area Navigation (RNAV) |
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The FMS uses a large data base to allow routes to be preprogrammed and fed into the system by means of a ______ |
Data Loader |
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A predetermined geographical position used for route/instrument approach definition, progress reports, published VFR routes, or visual reporting points that are defined relative to a VORTAC station or in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates |
Waypoint |
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What makes up an RNAV route? |
A series of waypoints |
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What is required for all IFR aircraft on all random RNAV routes (except in Alaska)? |
Radar monitoring by ATC |
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Three fixed route systems are established for air navigation purposes |
Airways (class E airspace) Jet Route System (Class A Airspace) RNAV Routes (Class A and Class E airspace) |
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Where is the changeover point? |
Unless otherwise charter, it is midway between NAVAIDS |
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Where are VOR airways established? |
in class E airspace in the form of a corridor, centerline of which is defined by radio navaids |
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The VOR airway system consists of what airways? |
airways designated generally from 1,200 feet AGL up to, but not including, 18,000 feet MSL |
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A segment of an airway, which is common to two or more routes _________ |
Carries the numbers of all the airways that coincide for that segment |
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What routes does the jet route system consist of? |
Routes established from 18,000 feet MSL to FL450 inclusive |
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What prohibits the establishment of jet routes above FL450? |
NAVAID Limitations |
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What are the two types of published RNAV routes? |
Q Routes T Routes |
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Used by aircraft operating from 18,000 feet MSL up to and including FL450, and are depicted on en route high altitude charts |
Q Routes |
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Used by aircraft operating up to, but not including 18,000 feet MSL, and are depicted on en route low altitude charts |
T Routes |