Assessments & Research In Counseling

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Question

Back 1

Answer

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_____ is statement of how two or more _____are expected to relate to each other. a. A theory, hypotheses b. A hypothesis, theories c. A hypothesis, variables d. A compatibility test, variables

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c. A hypothesis, variables

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1. On a normal curve, which of the following are the same? a. Mean, fifth stanine, fiftieth percentile b. Median, zero z-score, T-score of 50 c. Deviation I! of 100, cumulative percentage of 50, mode d. All of the above

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d. All of the above

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____ is the process of assessing or estimating attributes includes the use of a survey, observations, testing, clinical interviews

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apprasial

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2. An experiment with multiple variables would use which strategy to analyze the results? a. Anova b. Phi c. Goodness of fit d. Point Biserial

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a. Anova

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2. Instances where all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected are known as: a. simple random samples b. probability samples c. stratified samples d. statistical samples

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a. simple random samples

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3. The larger the size of the samples taken from a population, the more likely that: a. the statistic will be an accurate estimate of the population parameter b. we will obtain identical statistics and parameters c. we will obtain an accurate picture of the variation within the samples d. our study will become very expensive

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a. the statistic will be an accurate estimate of the population parameter

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3. Which type of research involves three (3) independent variables and six (6) dependent variables? a. Experimental research b. Descriptive research c. Variable analysis d. Sociogram

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a. Experimental research

Front 9

4. If a measure yields the same result consistently, we think of it as a ________ measure: a. valid b. reliable c. handy d. predictable

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b. reliable

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4. Which of the following validity's would be the most difficult to establish? a. Construct b. Predictive c. Criterion d. Concurrent

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a. Construct

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5. A measure has ______ validity if it corresponds with behavior that it is supposed to be associated with: a. content b. face c. predictive d. discrete

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c. predictive

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____ ___ test are also called “free response” (e.g. short answer test) the person taking the test can respond in any manner he or she chooses

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free choice

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6. To minimize the effects of an experimenter affecting the research results, we can use a: a. placebo b. a double-blind study c. random assignment d. an experimental design

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b. a double-blind study

Front 14

7. One advantage of content analysis is that: a. it is clearly superior to other methods of research for testing hypotheses about various forms of communication b. it requires little knowledge of the social sciences and is therefore easy to conduct c. it can be conducted with a relatively small expenditure of time, money, and person power d. the researcher can make a few mistakes in the coding of the data without affecting research findings

Back 14

c. it can be conducted with a relatively small expenditure of time, money, and person power

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7. Starting with the table of random numbers, the researcher selects name #12 on the list, and then names #24, 36, 48, etc. until she has collected a sample of 20 adults. This type of sampling is a. simple random. b. stratified random. c. cluster random. d. systematic random.

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d. systematic random.

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8. Measures of central tendency do not include: a. the mode b. median c. mean d. standard deviation

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d. standard deviation

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8. While taking the pre-test, some students may have improved their ability to discriminate among shapes due to a. maturation. b. history. c. subject attrition. d. testing.

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d. testing.

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9. In frequency distribution, we are: a. displaying the number of cases that fall in categories b. showing the connections between descriptive statistics c. examining the central tendencies of variables d. testing out our coding schemes

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a. displaying the number of cases that fall in categories

Front 19

9. In a study, patients were given a brochure telling them about the experimental treatment they were to receive. The brochure called the treatment "highly promising, but experimental." The control group was not given a brochure. If the experimental group reports greater improvement than the control group because of the brochure rather than the treatment, which type of researcher en-or accounts for this? a. Experimenter effect b. Halo effect c. Hawthorne effect d. Novelty effect

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c. Hawthorne effect

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10. As a measure of dispersion, a _________ tells us how far the mean is from individual scores: a. range b. standard deviation c. mode d. regular distribution

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b. standard deviation

Front 21

10. In October, a ninth grade class took a standardized achievement test. Frank's grade equivalent score was 9.3. Linda's grade equivalent score was 11.6. It is true that a. Linda performed as well as the average eleventh grader in the sixth month of the junior year. b. Linda should be considered to be gifted. c. Frank performed at an average level. d. Frank's score is more subject to error of measurement than is Linda's score.

Back 21

c. Frank performed at an average level.

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11. A Pearson’s r of -.20 has been calculated for the relationship between two variables, X and J. What can be said: a. This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the opposite direction to a very small degree. b. This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the same direction to a very small degree. c. This is s relationship where as X increases, J also increases to a significant degree. d. This is a relationship where there is no connection at all between X and J.

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a. This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the opposite direction to a very small degree.

Front 23

11. The correlation coefficient between two tests is found to be -1.93. It can be stated that a. the variables measured by the two tests are positively related. b. the variables measured by the two tests are negatively related. c. the variables measured by the two tests are not related. d. an error has been made in computation.

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d. an error has been made in computation.

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____ tests point out highs and lows between a single individual example: “Mr. Johnson’s anxiety is improving”

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ipsative

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12. Given the following data (10, 20, 30, 45, 58, 58, 66), the mean is_____ and the standard deviation is _____ a. 41, 19.7 b. 43, 24 c. 58, 5.6 d. 41, 24

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a. 41, 19.7

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12. One group was taught statistics in lecture and the other group was taught by programmed instruction. All subjects were given the same achievement tests at the end of the instruction so that the differences in effectiveness between the two methods of instruction could be compared. The statistical procedure most appropriate to this study is a. Compute a correlation coefficient b. T-test c. Chi-square d. Divide scores into stanines

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b. T-test

Front 27

13. An independent variable is a: a. theoretical concept b. variable influencing other variables c. variable influenced by other variables d. set attributes e. either b or c depending upon the variable

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b. variable influencing other variables

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13. Randomly selected individuals were asked whether they were married or not and whether they had ever received counseling. They were permitted to respond "yes" or "no" to each question. The most appropriate statistic to use in reporting the results of this study would be a. Correlation coefficient. b. T-test. c. Chi-square d. WISC-R

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c. Chi-square

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14. Techniques used to create reliable measures include: a. asking only about things respondents are likely to know the answer to b. using measures that have proved their reliability in previous research c. being clear about what you’re asking d. asking about things relevant to respondents e. all of the above

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e. all of the above

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15. A common first step in doing field research is: a. considering ethics b. forming a hypothesis c. constructing a theory d. deciding on level of participation e. reviewing literature

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e. reviewing literature

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16. A .05 level of significance means that: a. there is only a 5% chance that the statistic’s value could be obtained as a result of sampling errors only b. one is 50% certain that the sample value is representative of the population c. there is only a 5% chance that the variables tested are not independent d. the results can be accepted because the sampling error is only 5% e. the level of confidence is only 5%

Back 31

a. there is only a 5% chance that the statistic’s value could be obtained as a result of sampling errors only

Front 32

____ tests are designed to evaluate the level of mastery with a time limit purposely set up so that nobody finishes it (e.g. typing tes

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timed

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____ tests are designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit ideally designed so that nobody receives a perfect score

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power

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____ forms also known as “equivalent forms”

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parallel

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_____ is the MOST IMPORTANT factor in test construction – a test must measure what it purports to measure

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validity

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____ ___also called “rational validity” or “logical validity”

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content validity

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___ ___refers to a test’s ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence, self-esteem, feelings, artistic talent, mechanical ability, or managerial potential

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construct validity

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___ ___ is extent to which a test measures an abstract trait or psychological notion

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construct validity

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___ ___ a method used to assess a test’s construct/criterion validity by correlating

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convergent validity

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____ ____ is a test to an independent or unrelated measure or trait

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convergent validity

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_____ validity is also known as “empirical validity” examples include GRE, ACT, SAT

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predictive

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____ validity reflects the test’s ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria

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predicitive

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____ validity is whether the test looks like it measures the intended trait/attribute test looks valid

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face

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_____ is the 2nd most important factor in test constuction

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realbility

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____ ____ measure consists of a standardized test that is split in half

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split half

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_____ _____ score is used with the standard binet test today mean is 100 with a standard deviation of 16

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standard age

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_____ ______ is flexible culture free and adjusts to the situation. it is also measured by content free reasoning

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fluid intelligence

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____ and _____ created the first intelligence test

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stanford and binet

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_____ testing began in world war I with army alpha and Army beta

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group

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_____ _____ measure an individuals interests work best with individuals who are of high school age or older

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interest inventory

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_____ tests measure a persons capacity or potiential in a given area

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aptitude

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Question

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Answer

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a ____ is an instrument which measures a given sample of behavior ---a systematic method of measuring a sample of behavior

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test

Front 54

An instrument that has fixed directions for the administration and scoring of the instrument is said to be: a. standardized b. valid c. reliable d. norm-referenced

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A. standardized

Front 55

a ____ test relies mainly on the scorer’s opinion

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subjective

Front 56

An academic achievement test is developed to measure mastery of a multiplication table. Mastery is defined as getting 100% of the multiplication items correct. This instrument is an example of a: a. norm-referenced test b. criterion-referenced test c. standardized test d. performance test

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B. criterion-referenced test

Front 57

a ____ ___ test is made up of recognition items (e.g. a multiple choice test like NCE)

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forced choice

Front 58

a ____ interpretation is one in which the individual’s score is evaluated by comparing it to others who took the same test

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normative

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a ____ ___ measures compare traits within the same individual does not reveal absolute strengths

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ipsative test

Front 60

An instructor announces that an examination will cover the topics of counseling theories and techniques. You spend hours studying both concepts, but all of the test questions are only on techniques. You might correctly conclude that the examination: a. lacked content validity b. lacked criterion-related validity c. was not reliable d. all of the above

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A. lacked content validity

Front 61

a _____ test assesses potential and predicts future behavior

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aptitude

Front 62

______measures what a person knows, has mastered or learned (e.g. NCE)

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achievement

Front 63

Central tendency error refers to the tendency for individuals to: a. score near the mean. b. respond in the middle of the ratings on rating scales. c. prefer to give middle ratings rather than unfavorable ratings. d. answer correctly about 50% of the time.

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B. respond in the middle of the ratings on rating scales.

Front 64

____test measures various factors (e.g. math, science) during the same testing procedure

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horizontal

Front 65

A term that is sometimes used instead of intelligence is: a. achievement b. aptitude c. general ability d. self-efficacy

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C. general ability

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a ____ test includes versions for various age brackets or levels of education

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vertical

Front 67

______ refers to whether a test measures what it says it measures

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validity

Front 68

a test can not be valid yet still be_____

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reliable

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a valid test is always____

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reliable

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a ____ is any trait you cannot “directly” measure or observe

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construct

Front 71

_____ validity shows how well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose

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concurrent

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______ refers to how a test measure an attribute

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reliability

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a test can be ______ but not ___

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reliable valid

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a reliable test is not always ____

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valid

Front 75

______ measures are more reliable than ______ ones

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physical psychological

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______ _______ of measure determines how accurate or innaccurate a test score is measured

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standard error

Front 77

______ is defined as giving the same test to the same group two times and then correlating the scores

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test retest

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______ refers to several raters that assess the same performance. It is also known as _____ ______

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inter-rater scorer reliability

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________ of ______ measures the percentage of share variance between two factors

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coffiecient of determination

Front 80

______ ______ validiation is a test that is administered to a new sample to examine the criterion validity in most cases the results indicate a shrinkage

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cross validation

Front 81

______ IQ is utilized today it compares a person to the norm the score indicates a deviation from the norm

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deviation

Front 82

_____ viewed intelliegence as primarily as primarily genetic a single or unitary factor/faculty

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galton

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________ intellegence is rigid and does not change or adapt it is measured by tests that focus on content

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crystalized

Front 84

______ refers to branch of psychology that focuses on testing in any form of mental testing

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psychometrics

Front 85

a ____ test is an association test that relies on free response format

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projective

Front 86

association, ________, and ________ are formats for projective tests

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completion construction

Front 87

______ tests are favored by psychodynamic therapists as it relies on the uncounscious mind

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projective

Front 88

______ ______ tests are guided by a specific theory example myers briggs based on jungarian

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theory based

Front 89

________ ____ tests are tests that analyze data outside of a given theory ex: cattals 16 personality factor questionaire

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factor analytic

Front 90

______ is the division of ACA that focuses on testing

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Amecd

Front 91

a _______ measures information acquistion or skill mastery

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achievement test

Front 92

achievment tests may be used for _________, _______ and remediation.

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diagnosis placement

Front 93

_________ refers to average performance considering the mean, median and mode

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central tendency

Front 94

a _________ describes what a student needs to do to attain a certan goal

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behavioral objective

Front 95

________ equals the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.

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ratio IQ score

Front 96

a ________ is a normal score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10

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t score

Front 97

a typing test is an example of a ________ _____

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proficiency test

Front 98

a set of unstuctured or ambiguious tasks used to assess personality is called ______ ______

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projective battery

Front 99

a ______ ______ is often used in career or vocational counseling

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interest inventory

Front 100

an informal observation of pupil behavior recorded by teachers in a clear an factual manner is called _______ ______

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ancedotal report

Front 101

a _____ _____ score of 4.2 means the student is doing as well as the average child in a second month of grade 4

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grade placement

Front 102

a ______ is an ordinal measure that tells the point on the distribution before which a given percentage of individual fall.

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percentiles

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Question

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Answer

Front 104

In considering the counseling process, assessment: a. primarily plays a role in the initial stage. b. primarily plays a role in evaluating the counseling. c. is an integral part of the entire process. d. is best considered as a separate process.

Back 104

C. is an integral part of the entire process.

Front 105

The correct order of the following scales of measurement, from least precise to most precise, is: a. ordinal, nominal interval, ratio b. nominal, interval, ordinal, ratio c. ordinal, nominal, ratio, interval d. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

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D. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Front 106

Norm-referenced instruments are most useful for: a. determining if an individual has mastered certain material. b. establishing minimum levels of competence. c. comparing an individual's performance with other individuals. d. comparing performance to a standard.

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C. comparing an individual's performance with other individuals.

Front 107

on an _____ test opinion plays little or no part in the scoring process (e.g. NCE)

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objective

Front 108

In an experiment, assertive training was studied regarding its ability to help children reduce test anxiety. 5. What was the dependent variable? a. assertiveness b. anxiety level c. graduation d. training effectiveness

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b. anxiety level

Front 109

In an experiment, assertive training was studied regarding its ability to help children reduce test anxiety. 6. What is the independent variable? a. assertiveness b. anxiety level c. graduation d. training effectiveness

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d. training effectiveness

Front 110

in a ___ ____each item is independent of all other items can legitimately be compared to others who have taken the test

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normative test

Front 111

In a distribution of scores, what do we call the score that occurs most frequently? a. mean b. mode c. median d. standard deviation

Back 111

B. mode

Front 112

If the scores on a distribution are mostly high and the mean is lower than the median and mode, then the distribution would be called: a. positively skewed b. negatively skewed c. ordinally distributed d. normally distributed

Back 112

B. negatively skewed

Front 113

If there is no evidence of a relationship between two groups of test scores, the correlation between them will be closest to: a. -1.00 b. . 00 c. .50 d. 1.00

Back 113

B. . 00

Front 114

In evaluating an instrument’s reliability, a counselor should: a. always select the instrument with the highest reliability coefficients. b. select instruments where coefficient alphas have been calculated. c. consider how the instrument is going to be used. d. never use an instrument where the reliability coefficient is less than .92.

Back 114

C. consider how the instrument is going to be used.

Front 115

predictive validity is very important in _____ test

Back 115

aptitude

Front 116

The difference between concurrent and predictive validity is whether the: a. prediction is made in the current context or in the future. b. focus is on the normative sample or the content of the items. c. instrument is designed for adults or children. d. evidence is analyzed using regression or analysis of variance.

Back 116

A. prediction is made in the current context or in the future.

Front 117

on a ____ test the items get progressively more difficult

Back 117

spiral

Front 118

on a ____ test the questions go from easy one to more difficult

Back 118

cyclical

Front 119

If an individual has an elevated L Scale (Lie Scale) on the MMPI-2, then the individual: a. has a tendency to consistently lie. b. did not lie on any of the questions. c. lied on almost all of the questions. d. attempted to “look good” while answering some of the questions.

Back 119

D. attempted to “look good” while answering some of the questions.

Front 120

In using assessment information in treatment planning, the counselor should: a. consider strategies that will provide needed information. b. incorporate relevant assessment information that may have been gathered previously. c. use multiple assessment devices. d. all of the above

Back 120

D. all of the above

Front 121

In order to interpret assessment results, a counselor needs to: a. have comprehensive knowledge of the client’s culture. b. determine the degree of acculturation and gather relevant background information. c. have detailed information about the instrument’s characteristics. d. all of the above

Back 121

D. all of the above

Front 122

content validity contains content drawn from the test _____

Back 122

domain

Front 123

In _____ ______ there is no significant correlation between construct being observed and other results ---the test will not reflect unrelated variables example: a straight A counseling student should score higher on the NCE than a student who flunked an basic counseling course

Back 123

discriminant validity

Front 124

Increasing a tests _____ raises relibility

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length

Front 125

the _____ _____ formula is used to estimate the impact that lengthening or shortening a test will have on a tests relability

Back 125

spearman brown

Front 126

reliability and validity are expressed in terms of ____ ______

Back 126

correlation coefficients

Front 127

coefficients of ______ represent a perfect correlation and _____ represents no correlation

Back 127

1.00 and 0.00

Front 128

the ___ the better on the standard error or measure a ___ score means high realibility

Back 128

lower low

Front 129

in test retest generally the second test takes place after waiting generally _____ days

Back 129

7

Front 130

in the _______ ______ measure a single group takes parellel forms of a test and a reliablity correlation coefficient is computed on the two sets of scores

Back 130

alternate forms

Front 131

the _____ _____ reliability asks the question is the performance of one item truely related to performance on another

Back 131

internal consistancy

Front 132

Internal consistency is measured by using the _______ _______ formula which is an alternative to the split half test method

Back 132

kuder richardson

Front 133

the _____ IQ formula is mental age divided by chronological age times 100- ratio IQ developed by stern

Back 133

Binet

Front 134

the ______ IQ test is a standardized test since the scoring and administration procedures are formal and well structured

Back 134

stanford-binet

Front 135

The _____ IQ test is administed as an individual test.

Back 135

wechsler

Front 136

in a _____ test the test taker is shown netural stimuli. the test taker will _____ his or her personality

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projective project

Front 137

Interest tend to stablize around age ____

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25

Front 138

intersts and ______ are not highly correlated

Back 138

highly

Front 139

most intelligence test use a ______ or average score of 100.

Back 139

mean

Front 140

most _______ given in schools are paper and pencil tests

Back 140

intelligence test

Front 141

if a test has high _________ we can assume the test actually measures what it claims to measure

Back 141

validity

Front 142

Kuder-Richardson formula 20 is a mathematical formula used to estimate _________ or homogeneity.

Back 142

internal consistency

Front 143

in a sociogram, an unselected indivudual is refered to as _____

Back 143

isolate

Front 144

if scores pile up at one end of the distribution or the other it is said to be a ______ _______

Back 144

skewed distribution

Front 145

of the several types of validity, ______ refers to the extent to which measurements correlate with a particular criterion when both are measured at the same time, whereas ________ refers to the correlation between test scores on a particular criterion and later performance on the same criteron

Back 145

concurrent validity predictive validity

Front 146

the degree to which scores in one distribution explain scores in another distribution is referred to as _____ ____

Back 146

shared variance

Front 147

the ____ ____ a common rating error causes the rater to evaluate a subject based on an overall impression rather than one the particular trait in question

Back 147

halo effect

Front 148

the asvab is a ______ test

Back 148

aptitude

Front 149

the CAT is a _____ test

Back 149

achievement

Front 150

the GRE is a _____ test

Back 150

aptitude

Front 151

the GRE advanced tests is a _____ test

Back 151

achievement

Front 152

the kaufman assessment battery for children is a _____ test

Back 152

intelligence

Front 153

the Kuder test is a ______ test

Back 153

interest

Front 154

Question

Back 154

Answer

Front 155

What is the point on the scale that has an equal number of scores above and below it? a. median b. mean c. mode d. standard deviation

Back 155

A. median

Front 156

you cannot compare two or more people who have taken an ipsativetest the person is measured in response to his or her ___ ____ of behavior

Back 156

own standards

Front 157

Which of the following does not belong in the same category as the others? a. content-related validity b. criterion-related validity c. construct-related validity d. face validity

Back 157

D. face validity

Front 158

these are examples of _____ tests General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), Law School Admission Test (LSAT) , all school selection/admission tests

Back 158

aptitude

Front 159

With a norm-referenced instrument, it is important that the clinician evaluate: a. the size of the norming group. b. the suitability of the norming sample in terms of age, gender, ethnic makeup, socioeconomic representation, educational level, and geographic location. c. the procedures (e.g., random sample, cluster sample) used to select the norming sample. d. all of the above

Back 159

D. all of the above

Front 160

The most widely-used instrument that assesses depression is the: a. Beck Depression Inventory or Beck Depression Inventory-II b. Hamilton Depression Inventory c. Minnesota Depression Scale d. Reynolds Depression Scale

Back 160

A. Beck Depression Inventory or Beck Depression Inventory-II

Front 161

Which of the following is the most serious disadvantage of group intelligence or general ability tests? a. Too many items in a given total score. b. Group tests use only a single item format. c. Too little attention to the examinee’s motivation and/or anxiety levels. d. The time to administer group tests.

Back 161

C. Too little attention to the examinee’s motivation and/or anxiety levels.

Front 162

The most widely researched career counseling instrument is the: a. Career Assessment Inventory (CAI) b. Jackson Vocational Interest Survey (JVIS) c. Kuder General Interest Inventory (KGIS) d. Strong Interest Inventory

Back 162

D. Strong Interest Inventory

Front 163

The most widely employed method of personality assessment is: a. observation b. the MMPI-2 c. structured interviews d. rating scales

Back 163

A. observation

Front 164

what are the types of criterion-related validity:

Back 164

concurrent validity, predictive validity

Front 165

the wechsler IQ test asseses ____ skills. it yeals a verbal, _____ and full scale IQ scores

Back 165

performance

Front 166

weschler preschool and primary scale of intellegence is used with children ages ___ to ___

Back 166

7-Mar

Front 167

the weschler adult intelligence scale is used with ages ____ and ____

Back 167

16 and beyond

Front 168

the most common type of _______ given in schools is a paper and pencil test

Back 168

standardized test

Front 169

the most frequency occuring score in a given distrubution is the _______

Back 169

mode

Front 170

the tendency for an individuals score to move closer to the mean on subseqent testing is known as ______ ____ _______

Back 170

regression effect

Front 171

the locus of control scales is a ______ test

Back 171

personality

Front 172

the manchover draw a person test is a _____ test

Back 172

personality

Front 173

the metropolitan is a _____ test

Back 173

achievement

Front 174

the miller analogies is a _____ test

Back 174

aptitude

Front 175

the MMPI is a _____ test

Back 175

personality

Front 176

the meyers briggs is a _____ test

Back 176

personality

Front 177

the NBCC is a _____ test

Back 177

achievement

Front 178

the NMHCC exam is a _____ test

Back 178

achievement

Front 179

the occupational interest survey is a ______ test

Back 179

interest

Front 180

the otis lennon is a ______ test

Back 180

intelligence

Front 181

the rorschach test is a _____ test

Back 181

personality

Front 182

the school and college ability test is a _____ test

Back 182

aptitude

Front 183

the self-directed search is a ______ test

Back 183

interest

Front 184

the stanford binet test is a _____ test

Back 184

intelligence

Front 185

the strong campbell is a _____ test

Back 185

interest

Front 186

the teacher made unit test is a _____ test

Back 186

achievement

Front 187

the test of general ability test is a ______ test

Back 187

intelligence

Front 188

the thematic appercetion test is a _____ test

Back 188

personality

Front 189

WAIS test is a ____ test

Back 189

intelliegence

Front 190

On a standardized test, a group of clients achieved the following raw scores: 84, 85, 86, 86, 87, 87, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 92, 96, 97, 98. What is the modal score? a. 87 b. 88 c. 87.2 d. 84

Back 190

A. 87

Front 191

Standardized scores...

Back 191

used to compare several different test scores for the SAME individual.

Front 192

What are the two most commonly used standardized scores? and describe.

Back 192

Z-score: mean is 0, SD is 1. The "z" in z-score should remind you of zero, which is the 'mean' of this distribution. Tscore: mean is 50 and SD is 0. "T" should remind you of 10 which is the SD. Negative scores are eliminated unlike the z-score.

Front 193

Which of the following types of statistic enables the test administrator to account for chance variation in one's score by reporting a score band instead of a single number? a. measurement of central tendency b. range c. inferential statistics d. standard error of measurement

Back 193

D. standard error of measurement

Front 194

The correct order of the following scales of measurement, from least precise to most precise, is: a. ordinal, nominal interval, ratio b. nominal, interval, ordinal, ratio c. ordinal, nominal, ratio, interval d. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Back 194

D. nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Front 195

What is a correlation coefficient?

Back 195

Ranges from -1 to +1. Shows a relationship between 2 sets of numbers. The correlation coefficient tells you nothing about the cause and effect, only the degree of relationship.

Front 196

Which of the following statements best defines test bias? a. Differences must not exist between groups taking the test b. The goal is to develop tests that are free of cultural bias against any group that uses the test c. A test must be validated by demonstrating differences between the performance of groups. d. The test must have demonstrated meaning to the test take.

Back 196

B. The goal is to develop tests that are free of cultural bias against any group that uses the test

Front 197

Norm-referenced instruments are most useful for: a. determining if an individual has mastered certain material. b. establishing minimum levels of competence. c. comparing an individual's performance with other individuals. d. comparing performance to a standard.

Back 197

C. comparing an individual's performance with other individuals.

Front 198

The Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education has as its purpose: a. translating testing information to a lay public. b. to protect copyrighted material. c. the delivery of academic training for counselors. d. All of the above.

Back 198

D. All of the above.

Front 199

Which of the following statements best reflects contemporary psychometric understanding of the concept of intelligence? a. Intelligence is not a single, unitary ability, but a composite of several functions. b. Intelligence is a single, unified trait of behavior. c. Intelligence measures cultural patterns that endure. d. Intelligence tends to decrease with age, particularly if correlated with experience.

Back 199

A. Intelligence is not a single, unitary ability, but a composite of several functions.

Front 200

What is standard error of measurement (SEM)?

Back 200

Another measure of reliability and useful in interpreting the test scores of an individual. Helps determine the range within an individual's test score probably falls. ie. Person scores a 92 on a test. The SEM=50. Chances are 2-3 (67%) that the person's score falls between 87 and 97.

Front 201

One hundred people take a test. The average score is 75%. You score 80% and feel like you failed, but you feel much better when you realize your PR is 95. Which of the following statements about your score is correct? a. You correctly answered 9.5 out of ever 10 items. b. You scored one standard deviation above the mean. c. You scored at or better than 95 people taking the exam. d. You scored in the seventh stanine.

Back 201

C. You scored at or better than 95 people taking the exam.

Front 202

Which of the following MISREPRESENTS the intent of communicating assessment results with a client? a. encourage client's own interpretations b. reveal the strengths/weaknesses of the test c. relay your expertise as a diagnostician d. relate the results to other available information about the client

Back 202

C. relay your expertise as a diagnostician

Front 203

The concept that describes the counselor's responsibilities for telling clients what will be done with test results and who will use them, plus specifies that permission by the test taker must be granted for new uses of test results is a. right of privacy b. informed consent c. confidentiality d. apriori usage

Back 203

B. informed consent

Front 204

Validity

Back 204

does the test measure what it's supposed to measure and how well

Front 205

Which of the following is NOT recognized as a common problem in psychological report writing? a. overuse of jargon b. focus on the individual c. poor organization of the report d. all of the above.

Back 205

B. focus on the individual

Front 206

What measure of central tendency would be most influenced by extreme scores? a. mean b. median c. mode d. all of the above.

Back 206

A. mean

Front 207

Which of the following does not belong in the same category as the others? a. content-related validity b. criterion-related validity c. construct-related validity d. face validity

Back 207

D. face validity

Front 208

The most widely used statistic of variability in measurement is the a. range b. standard deviation c. semi-interquartile range d. all of the above.

Back 208

B. standard deviation

Front 209

The mental functioning of Army recruits during World War I was assessed by the a. Army Alpha b. Stanford-Binet c. Otis Absolute Point Scale d. Army General Classification Test

Back 209

A. Army Alpha

Front 210

The first widely used nonverbal group test of intelligence was the a. Army Alpha b. Army Beta c. Otis Absolute Point Scale d. Leiter International Performance Scale

Back 210

B. Army Beta

Front 211

Reliability can be conceptualized as the degree to which a. test scores are free from errors of measurement. b. test items compare to what is being taught. c. the test conflates with other tests measuring the same constructs. d. the test results avoid false negative and false positive classification.

Back 211

A. test scores are free from errors of measurement.

Front 212

The most widely-used instrument that assesses depression is the: a. Beck Depression Inventory or Beck Depression Inventory-II b. Hamilton Depression Inventory c. Minnesota Depression Scale d. Reynolds Depression Scale

Back 212

A. Beck Depression Inventory or Beck Depression Inventory-II

Front 213

Which of the following is the most serious disadvantage of group intelligence or general ability tests? a. Too many items in a given total score. b. Group tests use only a single item format. c. Too little attention to the examinee’s motivation and/or anxiety levels. d. The time to administer group tests.

Back 213

C. Too little attention to the examinee’s motivation and/or anxiety levels.

Front 214

The most widely researched career counseling instrument is the: a. Career Assessment Inventory (CAI) b. Jackson Vocational Interest Survey (JVIS) c. Kuder General Interest Inventory (KGIS) d. Strong Interest Inventory

Back 214

D. Strong Interest Inventory

Front 215

The reliability of a test will probably be increased if the test developed a. selects homogeneous samples in the standardization. b. includes a wide variety of types of items. c. increases the length of the test. d increases the number of individuals in the standardization.

Back 215

C. increases the length of the test.

Front 216

The most widely employed method of personality assessment is: a. observation b. the MMPI-2 c. structured interviews d. rating scales

Back 216

A. observation

Front 217

The multiaptitude battery developed by the U.S. Employment Service is the a. ASVAB b. DAT c. GATB d. FACT

Back 217

C. GATB

Front 218

what are the 4 types of data?

Back 218

nominal ordinal interval ratio

Front 219

Tests such as the Graduate Record Examination and College admissions tests can be classified as
A. general aptitude batteries. B. specialized aptitude tests. C. scholastic aptitude tests. D. intelligence tests.

Back 219

C. scholastic aptitude tests.

Front 220

What personality inventory is used to assess normal personality dimensions concerning an examinee's typical behavior patterns? a. Edwards Personal Preference Inventory b. California Psychological Inventory c. Eysenck Personality Inventory d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Back 220

B. California Psychological Inventory

Front 221

What are neurophsychological assessment instruments used for? a. To test for brain damage b. To test for genetic tendencies c. To test for neuroticism d. To test for psychomotor abilities

Back 221

A. To test for brain damage

Front 222

what are the three Measures of central tendency

Back 222

mean median mode

Front 223

The ___ ___ effect AKA Compensatory rivalry of a comparison group –when a group is motivated to improve its performance in the study, so that it does not really represent their normal performance

Back 223

john henry

Front 224

standard deviation is a measure of _______

Back 224

variability

Front 225

the measures of central tendency include _____ _____ and _____

Back 225

mean median mode

Front 226

population ______ are the characteristics of the larger group while ___ refers to the characteristics of the sample

Back 226

parameters statistics

Front 227

to compare the mean of two groups, the _______ should be used.

Back 227

t-test

Front 228

when two or more groups are being compared, the omnibus ______ can be used to determine if any significant differences exist

Back 228

f test

Front 229

when ______ _____ sampling is used each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen

Back 229

simple random

Front 230

the calculated and critical t values are compared to determine whether or not to reject the ____ _____

Back 230

null hypothesis

Front 231

when all the elements of the population cant be enumerated _______ samples must be used to select subjects

Back 231

nonprobability

Front 232

when more than one independent variable is manipulated, factorial research designs are used to analyze main effects as well as _______ ______

Back 232

interaction effects

Front 233

one measure of dispersion, ______ tells the difference between the highest and lowest values in the distribution

Back 233

range

Front 234

the ______ research design occurs with three or four groups

Back 234

solomon

Front 235

the ______ coefficient of correlation for rank ordered data

Back 235

spearman

Front 236

Question

Back 236

Answer

Front 237

In considering the counseling process, assessment: a. primarily plays a role in the initial stage. b. primarily plays a role in evaluating the counseling. c. is an integral part of the entire process. d. is best considered as a separate process.

Back 237

C. is an integral part of the entire process.

Front 238

Describe RELIABILITY.

Back 238

Reliability is the consistency of a test/measure. The degree to which the test can be expected to provide similar results for the SAME subjects on repeated administrations. Can be viewed as the extent to which a measure is free from error. If the coefficient is high, ie. .70 or higher, the test scores have little error and is said to be reliable.

Front 239

Describe the types of reliability.

Back 239

Stability: test-retest reliability obtained using the same instrument on both occations-same group tested twice. Equivalence: alternate forms of the same test given to the same group. How comparable the tests are will influence reliability. Internal Consistency: split half method. Test is divided into 2 halves and calculated.

Front 240

Most well-known intelligence tests tend to measure a. the affective or conative domain. b. numerical abilities, specifically computation. c. learning that occurs beyond the classroom. d. largely verbal abilities.

Back 240

C. learning that occurs beyond the classroom.

Front 241

Describe Validity.

Back 241

Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it says. Most Important. Valid tests are reliable.

Front 242

Describe Face Validity.

Back 242

The test/instrument LOOKS or appears to measure the intended attribute.

Front 243

If the scores on a distribution are mostly high and the mean is lower than the median and mode, then the distribution would be called: a. positively skewed b. negatively skewed c. ordinally distributed d. normally distributed

Back 243

B. negatively skewed

Front 244

If there is no evidence of a relationship between two groups of test scores, the correlation between them will be closest to: a. -1.00 b. . 00 c. .50 d. 1.00

Back 244

B. . 00

Front 245

Normal distribution

Back 245

based on bell shaped curve -1.00 - 1.00 SD = 68.2% -2.00 - 2.00 SD = 95.4% -3.00 - 3.00 SD - 99.7%

Front 246

Most educational and psychological tests utilize which scale of measurement? a. interval b. nominal c. ordinal d. ratio

Back 246

A. interval

Front 247

In constructing his test of mental ability, which of these functions would Binet consider most important? a. Sensory activities b. Simple specialized abilities c. Judgment and reasoning d. Perceptual speed

Back 247

C. Judgment and reasoning

Front 248

Central tendency error refers to the tendency for individuals to: a. score near the mean. b. respond in the middle of the ratings on rating scales. c. prefer to give middle ratings rather than unfavorable ratings. d. answer correctly about 50% of the time.

Back 248

B. respond in the middle of the ratings on rating scales.

Front 249

John made a score of 100 on a test that had a standard error of measurement of 4 points. What is the probability of his true scoring falling between 92 and 108? a. 34 out of 100 b. 68 out of 100 c. 95 out of 100 d. 995 out of 1,000

Back 249

C. 95 out of 100

Front 250

If an individual has an elevated L Scale (Lie Scale) on the MMPI-2, then the individual: a. has a tendency to consistently lie. b. did not lie on any of the questions. c. lied on almost all of the questions. d. attempted to “look good” while answering some of the questions.

Back 250

D. attempted to “look good” while answering some of the questions.

Front 251

In using assessment information in treatment planning, the counselor should: a. consider strategies that will provide needed information. b. incorporate relevant assessment information that may have been gathered previously. c. use multiple assessment devices. d. all of the above

Back 251

D. all of the above

Front 252

In order to interpret assessment results, a counselor needs to: a. have comprehensive knowledge of the client’s culture. b. determine the degree of acculturation and gather relevant background information. c. have detailed information about the instrument’s characteristics. d. all of the above

Back 252

D. all of the above

Front 253

the ___ is the Middle score in a list of scores arranged from lowest to highest

Back 253

median

Front 254

the ____ is the Arithmetic average

Back 254

mean

Front 255

the ___ is the Most frequently occurring score.

Back 255

mode

Front 256

The____ is the most familiar and commonly used measure, but if there are extreme scores the ____ may be more accurate.

Back 256

mean Median

Front 257

the ____ is the Highest score minus the lowest score

Back 257

range

Front 258

the ___ ____ is the most commonly used measure of variability

Back 258

standard deviation

Front 259

the _____ is the horizontal axis or abscissa

Back 259

x axis

Front 260

the ___ is the vertical axis or ordinate

Back 260

y axis

Front 261

The ___ ____ allows us to predict the proportion of the populations whose score or measurement will fall within a certain range; therefore it can be used as a measure of ______

Back 261

normal curve probability

Front 262

The x axis on a normal curve represents the score or measure of ____ (e.g, IQ, exam score, etc.)

Back 262

interest

Front 263

The y axis on a normal curve represents the _____ of a particular score in the population

Back 263

frequency

Front 264

The curve is ______; the peak of the curve represents the mean, median and mode (these scores are all the same in a normal distribution)

Back 264

symmetrical

Front 265

Raw scores often must be converted to ____scores in order for the bell curve to be useful. .

Back 265

standard

Front 266

Some common standard scores are IQ: Mean __; SD 15 or 16 (depending on the test)

Back 266

100

Front 267

t-scores in a normal distribution would be expressed as : Mean __, SD 10

Back 267

50

Front 268

The _____ range is the difference between the first quartile and the third quartile and serves as a measure of _____

Back 268

inter-quartile variability

Front 269

The semi-inter-quartile range is ____ of the inter-quartile range.

Back 269

one half

Front 270

The ____ hypothesis is A statement that the IV will affect the DV; may be stated as such or may be assumed as the counterpart to the null hypothesis

Back 270

experimental

Front 271

Level of ___ Represents the probability that a difference between the two groups is due to chance. The value of p is set before the study is done

Back 271

significance or "p"

Front 272

in a ____ the data is converted to a t-score. The t-score must exceed a critical t value at the stated probability level p in order to be considered statistically significant

Back 272

t test

Front 273

The most common non-parametric test is the _____

Back 273

chi-square

Front 274

Correlation between nonparametric data is expressed with _____ rho and Kendall’s tau.

Back 274

spearman

Front 275

The____ effect occurs when a trait that is not being studied influences a researcher’s rating on the trait being studied

Back 275

halo

Front 276

The_____ effect is when the investigator’s feelings toward the subject influence the outcome.

Back 276

roesnthal

Front 277

The _____effect occurs when subjects change their behavior simply because they know they are being studied.

Back 277

hawthorne

Front 278

in research, a variable that is consequence of an antecendent variable called a ________

Back 278

dependent

Front 279

if the ________ is set at 0.1 , the results of the study would be because of change rather than treatment less than 1 time out of 100

Back 279

level of signficance

Front 280

maturation, regression, and expermental mortality are examples of threats to ___ ____

Back 280

internal validity

Front 281

interval and ratio data are ______ _____, and nominal and ordinal are _____ data

Back 281

quantitative data qualitative

Front 282

in _______ ____ research, the independent variable is not within the control of the researcher

Back 282

expost facto

Front 283

in general, ______ is theory oriented and _______ is outcome oriented

Back 283

research evaualtion

Front 284

experimental research is designed for hypothesis testing, whereas ________ research seeks to determine what exists.

Back 284

descriptive

Front 285

Question

Back 285

Answer

Front 286

An instrument that has fixed directions for the administration and scoring of the instrument is said to be: a. standardized b. valid c. reliable d. norm-referenced

Back 286

A. standardized

Front 287

I

Back 287

Investigative thinkers solve problems with intelligence avoid close personal contact scientist, mathematicial

Front 288

An academic achievement test is developed to measure mastery of a multiplication table. Mastery is defined as getting 100% of the multiplication items correct. This instrument is an example of a: a. norm-referenced test b. criterion-referenced test c. standardized test d. performance test

Back 288

B. criterion-referenced test

Front 289

Chi-squared

Back 289

significance of differences between two or more groups of subjects, objects, or events that fall into defined categories by comparing observed frequencies with expected frequencies

Front 290

Crystallized Intelligence

Back 290

experience & education increased over time

Front 291

in _____ four group design Two experimental groups and two control groups; only one of each is pre-tested.

Back 291

solomns

Front 292

Conclusion validity

Back 292

asks the question - is there a relationship between two variables?

Front 293

in a ____ ____ design: Same subjects are pre-tested, an IV introduced, then they are post-tested.

Back 293

within subjects

Front 294

in a ____ ____ design Different groups are measured.

Back 294

between subjects

Front 295

Internal validity

Back 295

refers to the question - assuming there is a relationship between variables, is it a causal one?

Front 296

Construct Validity

Back 296

looks at the question - did I measure what I thought I measured? Assuming a relationship, and it is causal, did your progrm reflect our idea of the contrcut of the program and did our measure reflect the idea of our construct?

Front 297

External validity

Back 297

generalizability

Front 298

A term that is sometimes used instead of intelligence is: a. achievement b. aptitude c. general ability d. self-efficacy

Back 298

C. general ability

Front 299

An instrument that has fixed directions for the administration and scoring of the instrument is said to be a. standardized. b. valid. c. reliable. d. norm-referenced.

Back 299

A. standardized.

Front 300

Item analysis

Back 300

process for evaluating single test items for easiness and or difficulty levels, and whether the inem descrimiates the learners from the non-learners

Front 301

In a survey, ___ subjects or a 50 – 75% return rate is desirable.

Back 301

100

Front 302

A personality inventory that is designed to test the DSM-IV categories is the a. Eysenck Personality Inventory. b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. c. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory d. Thematic Apperception Test

Back 302

C. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

Front 303

Multi-axial assessment

Back 303

1. AXIS I: Used to record clinical disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention (formerly known as V-Codes). 2. AXIS II: Used to code Mental Retardation, the Personality Disorders and Borderline Intellectual Functioning. Axis II may also be used to record prominent maladaptive personality traits and habitual defense mechanisms. (In DSM-III-R, Axis II was also used to record Pervasive and Specific Developmental Disorders.) 3. AXIS III: Used to record general medical conditions that may be relevant to the understanding or management of the client's mental disorder. 4. AXIS IV: Used to code psychosocial and environmental problems that may affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the client's mental disorder. In DSM-IV, a severity rating is not given; the problems are simply listed. 5. AXIS V: Used to note the clinician's judgment of the client's overall level of functioning. This can be done using a Global Assessment of Functioning Scale.

Front 304

Most statistical operations require ___ or ____ data

Back 304

interval ratio

Front 305

Important component Treatment for delirium

Back 305

an environment that is designed to minimize disorentation. (quiet room with appropriate lighting).

Front 306

mixed state

Back 306

simultaneous depression and mania

Front 307

Hypomanic Episode

Back 307

Persistent elevated, expansive, or irritable mood insufficient in severity to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning. A symptom of a number of disorders, including Cyclothymic Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder.

Front 308

ID

Back 308

According to Freud, the aspect of the personality present at birth, that operates according to the pleasure principle; characterized by a desire for immediate gratification of sexual and aggressive impulses.

Front 309

Measures of ______ describe how individual scores deviate from the central tendency. .

Back 309

variance

Front 310

Correlation is described in terms of ____ (positive or negative) and _____

Back 310

direction magnitude

Front 311

Histograms/ Bar graphs Line graphs are examples of ____ _____

Back 311

frequency distributions

Front 312

in a ______ distribution the Mean, median and mode are not equal

Back 312

skewed

Front 313

in a ____skew alarger number of HIGH scores; the “hump” is top the right and the “tail” is to the left. Mode score>median score>mean score

Back 313

negative

Front 314

a ____ distribution is Flatter than a normal curve

Back 314

Platykurtic

Front 315

a ____ distribution is Taller than a normal curve

Back 315

Leptokurtic

Front 316

A ____ _____ is a statement that there will be no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group, i.e., that the IV will have no effect on the DV

Back 316

null hypothesis

Front 317

A ____ t-test tests the hypothesis that a difference between group will be in a particular direction e.g., Group A will score higher than Group B).

Back 317

one tailed

Front 318

A _____ t-test will test the hypothesis that will be a difference, with no direction stated.

Back 318

two tailed

Front 319

_______ means to interpret the results in the simpliest way

Back 319

parsimony

Front 320

______ pioneered in hypothesis testing

Back 320

fisher

Front 321

______ scales are interval scales with an absolute zero point

Back 321

ratio

Front 322

a ______ scale places objects or individuals into categories.

Back 322

nominal

Front 323

a researcher whose study involves manipulation of the independent variable in a controlled setting is conducting _____ ______

Back 323

experimental research

Front 324

a theory that explains events in the simplest form possible and has fewer complexities and assumptions is said to be ______

Back 324

parsimonous

Front 325

_______ refers to strength of the relationship between two variables

Back 325

correlation

Front 326

_______ _______ test a relationship between treatment and outcome

Back 326

inferential statistics

Front 327

________ research may be either descriptive or ex post facto

Back 327

survey

Front 328

_______ is associated with cumulative scales

Back 328

gutman

Front 329

_______ is associated with an experimental effect that threatens internal validity

Back 329

hawthorne

Front 330

______ is associated with product moment coefficient of correlation for linear, interval data

Back 330

pearson

Front 331

______ is an experimental effect in which some characteristic or behavior or the experimenter influences the subjects behavior

Back 331

rosenthal

Front 332

_______ is asssociated with Q methodology

Back 332

stephenson

Front 333

_______ is equal-appearing interval scales

Back 333

thurstone

Front 334

_______ is a post hoc multiple comparison test

Back 334

tukey

Front 335

Question

Back 335

Answer

Front 336

1. _____ is statement of how two or more _____are expected to relate to each other. a. A theory, hypotheses b. A hypothesis, theories c. A hypothesis, variables d. A compatibility test, variables

Back 336

c. A hypothesis, variables

Front 337

2. Instances where all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected are known as: a. simple random samples b. probability samples c. stratified samples d. statistical samples

Back 337

a. simple random samples

Front 338

3. The larger the size of the samples taken from a population, the more likely that: a. the statistic will be an accurate estimate of the population parameter b. we will obtain identical statistics and parameters c. we will obtain an accurate picture of the variation within the samples d. our study will become very expensive

Back 338

a. the statistic will be an accurate estimate of the population parameter

Front 339

______ Involves manipulation of a variable (IV, independent variable) which is expected to have an effect on some other variable (DV, dependent variable)

Back 339

experimental

Front 340

4. If a measure yields the same result consistently, we think of it as a ________ measure: a. valid b. reliable c. handy d. predictable

Back 340

b. reliable

Front 341

A true _____ design uses random sampling and controls for other (confounding or extraneous) variables

Back 341

experimental

Front 342

5. A measure has ______ validity if it corresponds with behavior that it is supposed to be associated with: a. content b. face c. predictive d. discrete

Back 342

c. predictive

Front 343

_____research is generally regarded as the most “powerful” but is not always possible, ethical or practical in disciplines such as counseling.

Back 343

experimental

Front 344

6. To minimize the effects of an experimenter affecting the research results, we can use a: a. placebo b. a double-blind study c. random assignment d. an experimental design

Back 344

b. a double-blind study

Front 345

7. One advantage of content analysis is that: a. it is clearly superior to other methods of research for testing hypotheses about various forms of communication b. it requires little knowledge of the social sciences and is therefore easy to conduct c. it can be conducted with a relatively small expenditure of time, money, and person power d. the researcher can make a few mistakes in the coding of the data without affecting research findings

Back 345

c. it can be conducted with a relatively small expenditure of time, money, and person power

Front 346

______ research describes a trait or phenomenon but does not manipulate it

Back 346

descriptive

Front 347

9. In frequency distribution, we are: a. displaying the number of cases that fall in categories b. showing the connections between descriptive statistics c. examining the central tendencies of variables d. testing out our coding schemes

Back 347

a. displaying the number of cases that fall in categories

Front 348

11. A Pearson’s r of -.20 has been calculated for the relationship between two variables, X and J. What can be said: a. This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the opposite direction to a very small degree. b. This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the same direction to a very small degree. c. This is s relationship where as X increases, J also increases to a significant degree. d. This is a relationship where there is no connection at all between X and J.

Back 348

a. This is a relationship where as X increases or decreases, J goes in the opposite direction to a very small degree.

Front 349

13. An independent variable is a: a. theoretical concept b. variable influencing other variables c. variable influenced by other variables d. set attributes e. either b or c depending upon the variable

Back 349

b. variable influencing other variables

Front 350

a _____ Consists of all members of a group, e.g., all 18-year-old girls in Louisiana

Back 350

population

Front 351

14. Techniques used to create reliable measures include: a. asking only about things respondents are likely to know the answer to b. using measures that have proved their reliability in previous research c. being clear about what you’re asking d. asking about things relevant to respondents e. all of the above

Back 351

e. all of the above

Front 352

a ____ is a subset of a population, e.g, 100 18-year-old girls from a particular geographic region.

Back 352

sample

Front 353

15. A common first step in doing field research is: a. considering ethics b. forming a hypothesis c. constructing a theory d. deciding on level of participation e. reviewing literature

Back 353

e. reviewing literature

Front 354

Achievement

Back 354

the degree to which one has achieved on a standardized test. used primarily in education, designed to evaluate a person's current state of knowledge of skill - NCE

Front 355

____sampling: Ensures that the sample mirrors the demographics of the population (e.g., age, race, income level, etc.)

Back 355

Stratified

Front 356

______ is the degree to which individual scores are spread out or clustered together

Back 356

variability

Front 357

_____is the relationship between two variables, usually represented by the Pearson correlation coefficient “r”.

Back 357

correlation

Front 358

a ___ ____ is a representation of the central tendencies and variances of a measure as they occur in a population.

Back 358

normal curve

Front 359

_____ scores all have a defined mean and a defined standard deviation

Back 359

standard

Front 360

____ are Essentially the same thing as standard deviation; mean is zero, SD is 1

Back 360

z scores

Front 361

_____ Divide the distribution into 9 equal intervals with 5 as the means

Back 361

stanines

Front 362

____ scores: Indicate the percent of subjects whose score falls below an individual score

Back 362

percentile

Front 363

_____scores divide the distribution in quarters. The 1st quartile score has 25% of the scores below it; the 2nd quartile has 50% of the scores below it, etc

Back 363

quartile

Front 364

a ____ skew has a larger number of LOW scores; the “hump” of the curve would be to the left (negative end), and the “tail” to the right (positive end) of the x axis. Mean score>median score>mode score

Back 364

positive

Front 365

____ distributions includeTwo humps, like camel humps. Usually indicates that two distinct populations have been studied together.

Back 365

bimodal

Front 366

_____ statistics: Allow us to use sample data to make predictions about the population

Back 366

inferential

Front 367

____ are used when there is only one variable under study.

Back 367

t tests

Front 368

____ of _____ is used when there are two levels of the same IV, such as 30 minutes of relaxation training vs one hour of relaxation training.

Back 368

analysis of variance anova

Front 369

____ is used when there is more than one IV, such as relaxation training vs accupuncture.

Back 369

manova (multivariate)

Front 370

____ of _____ Used when there are multiple variables that cannot be eliminated; it measures the amount of influence each variable has on the DV, and statistically controls for extraneous variab

Back 370

analysis of covariance

Front 371

_____ is an expression of whether the IV truly affects the DV, as opposed to some other factor (maturation, learning or statistical regression, for example)

Back 371

validity

Front 372

_____ is an expression of whether the results can be replicated. A measurement can be reliable without being valid.

Back 372

reliability

Front 373

____ error (Alpha error): is rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

Back 373

type 1

Front 374

____ error (Beta error): accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually false The smaller the value of p, the lower the risk of a type I error, but the higher the risk of a Type II error. Both types are decreased by increasing the sample size.

Back 374

type 2

Front 375

______ data analysis: When the data under study are ordinal or nominal statistical tests are used to see if the distribution of obtained scores differs significantly from the expected (not exactly the normal) distribution – this is known as “goodness of fit”.

Back 375

nonparametric

Front 376

_____ _____ is conducted to advance our understanding of theory

Back 376

basic research

Front 377

____ summarizes a characteristic of a population

Back 377

parameter

Front 378

______ ____ is used for ordinal data

Back 378

spearman rho

Front 379

______ ______ has to do with the generalizablilty of the results of a study

Back 379

external validity

Front 380

_____ is associated with summated rating scales

Back 380

likert

Front 381

Question

Back 381

Answer

Front 382

____ ______describes phenomena in non-numerical terms Methods include participant-observer, case study

Back 382

qualitative research

Front 383

_____ ______ research Involves measurement of some kind.

Back 383

quantatitive research

Front 384

______ _____ research does not use random sampling. Examples include existing-groups designs and ex post facto designs.

Back 384

quasi-experimental

Front 385

______ Describes a relationship between two phenomena but does not imply a cause-and-effect relationship; does not control for confounding variables

Back 385

correlation

Front 386

_____ is essentially a case study involving a single subject.

Back 386

N=1 design

Front 387

____ sampling is the most scientifically rigorous; every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Back 387

random

Front 388

_____ sampling uses existing structures such as school systems or clinic clients, and subjects are drawn from those structures.

Back 388

convenience

Front 389

____ ____ is important to the significance of the study

Back 389

sample size

Front 390

_____ data consists of naming categories of individuals or conditions, with no “value” attached

Back 390

nominal

Front 391

_____ data Arranges categories in order of lesser to greater, but the interval between categories is not uniform (e.g., 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place in a contest)

Back 391

Ordinal

Front 392

____ data shows the difference in value between objects is uniform, but there is no real “zero” point. This kind of data can be added or subtracted, but not multiplied or divided.

Back 392

interval

Front 393

____ data shows the difference in value is uniform, and there is a true zero point. This data can be multiplied and divided as well as added or subtracted.

Back 393

ratio

Front 394

____ statistics: Describe some characteristic in a subject, sample, or population

Back 394

descriptive

Front 395

_____ Show correlation; the more widely dispersed the dots are, the less correlation

Back 395

scatterplots