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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Four Sentence Types
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Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamative.
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Discourse
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The overall structure of a text
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Grammar
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The structure of units of language no longer than a sentence.
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Graphology
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The visual appearance of language
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Lexis
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The words, phrases and idiom of language.
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Phonology
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The sound of language.
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Pragmatics
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The particular meanings conveyed by language in specific context.
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Semantics
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The meaning of language.
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Acronyms
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Words composed from the initial letters of words they represent. E.g. AIDS; LA; ID
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Allographs
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A variant of type E.g Bb
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Amelioration
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The process of semantic change in an upward manner - the meaning becomes more positive. For example Bachelor.
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Anacoluthon
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A speech construction which starts but fails to finish or goes wrong.
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Anaphoric
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Referencing back to an already stated lexical item i.e The PRIME MINISTER spent his day in office and at 3pm HE left downing street.
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Anithesis
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Where a parallel structure is used to highlight contrasting ideas i.e 'let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belabouring the problems that divide us'
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Antonyms / Synonyms
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Words of opposite and similar meanings i.e FAT/thin - antonyms FAST/QUICK - synonyms
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Archaisms
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Words used in english a long time ago which now give an old-fashioned or superior tone. E.g 'Thou' or 'Hath'
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Block language
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Ungrammatical language that has been shortened for dramatic effect E.g Dog bit postman
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Cataphoric
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Referencing forwards to an as yet undisclosed lexical item. E.g 'I believe HIM' 'Tony would never lie'
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Clipping
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A colloquial way of talking where words are shortened E.g 'Flu' or 'Prof'
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Cohesion
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A measure of how well a text fits together as a whole, its internal logic and construction
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Collocation
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Phrases which consist of words you expect to be linked E.g Fish and Chips
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Deixis
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Deictic words are orientation words that locate precisely what is being talked about E.g 'This here' and 'That there'
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Discollocation
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Where the expected collocation is not met
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Dysphemism
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A harsh 'to the point' term expression of a delicate subject e.g HE'S DEAD as apposed to He passed away.
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Elision
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The missing out of a word or words in speech or writing ' We're goin'
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Ellipses
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The missing out of a word or words in a sentence E.g 'Where you going?'
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Euphemism
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A socially acceptable word or phrase used to avoid talking about something potentially distasteful. E.g 'The powder room'
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Embedding
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The clause within a sentence; where one piece of information is embedded in another ' The man WHO LIVES NEXT DOOR is very friendly'
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Hedges
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Words of phrases used to indicate a degree of uncertainty or tentativeness e.g possibly, maybe
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Idioms
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Phrases where the meaning is not derived from the meaning of the individual words E.g 'drink up'
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Intensifiers
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These are adverbs which intensify the meaning of a word e.g He was VERY good, I REALLY, REALLY like it
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Jargon
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Specialist language, particular to the specific subject of the text. E.g in a car advertisement '140mph''
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Malapropism
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The misuse of words which sound similar,' there cat' instead of 'their cat'
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Minimal responses
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Short utterances made in response to a speaker E.g 'mm', 'yes'; 'I see', 'Oh'
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Mode
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The medium of communication (e.g speech or writing)
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Morpheme
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The smallest unit of grammatical meaning
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Negation
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The process of using lexical elements used to form negative structures e.g 'not', 'no' ; ' never'
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Neologisms
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New words introduced into the language e.g IPOD or BLOG
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Oxymoron
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Two words of opposite meaning and association placed together for effect e.g HOLY SINNER
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Paralinguistic features
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Gestures and facial expressions which contribute to the communication of meaning.
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Parallelism
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The repetition of a pattern or structure in related words of phrases e.g your english teacher thinks your a fool, your maths teacher thinks your a fool and you french teacher thinks your a fool'
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Parataxis
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A list where nouns or clauses can be linked without conjunctions e.g ' he packed a torch, a map , a compass and a gun'
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Pejoration
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The process of semantic change in a downward manner
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Phatic speech
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Turns designed to maintain a sense of cooperation or establish a relationship, Hi, how are you?
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Post modification
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A modifying phrase that occurs after the head noun in a noun phrase e.g John kicked the ball badly
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Pre modification
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A modifying phrase that occurs before the head noun in a noun phrase e.g the LUXURIOUS EXPENSIVE restaurant
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Prosodic features
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Vocal elements of spoken language e.g tone pitch and volume
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Quantifiers
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Words which express quantity e.g 'all', 'some', ' every' 'much'
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Register
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A variety of language appropriate to a particular purpose and context. The formality of a text.
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Semantic field
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Lexical items that related to a specific theme or topic
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Tautology
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Unnecessary repetition e.g i myself personally did it
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