Art History 101

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PALEOLITHIC ART
Woman of Willendorf;

Austria c. 24,000 BCE

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PALEOLITHIC ART

BISON

Le Tuc d'Audoubert, France

c. 13,000 BCE

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PALEOLITHIC ART

Hall of Bulls

Lascaux Cave, France

c. 32,000 BCE found: 1940

-very colorful

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NEOLITHIC ART

Stonehenge

Salisbury, England c. 2900-1500 BCE

- Made of 30 Sarsen Stone (some from Wales)

- Took over 1000 years to put together

- Ritualistic purpose maybe

- Location was chosen for a purpose

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Post and Lintel

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An Architectual system of construction with 2 or more vertical elements supporting a horizontal element.

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Wattle and Daub

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a wall construction method combining upright branches and twigs.

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Corbeling

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stones stacked for roofing.

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Summerian (Iraq)

Votive Figures

Square Temple, c. 2900 - 2600 BCE

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Sumerian Art

Standard Of Ur

c. 2600 BCE

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Akkadian Art

Victory Stele of Naram Sin

r. 2254-2218 BCE

-Naram Sin was a ruler

- Depicts him closer to the Sun God and more important than others because of size

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Babylonian Art

Stele of Hammurabi

c. 1780 BCE

- LAW OF CODES TOO

- First written down Law System

- "Eye for an eye" seen here.

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Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions

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Assyrian Art

- King shows dominance

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Cuneiform

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An early form of writing with wedge-shaped marks impressed into wet clay with a stylus.

- used by Mesopotamians

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Ziggurat

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Ancient Mesopotamia, tall stepped tower of earthen materials, often supporting a shrine

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Pre-dynastic Egyptian Art

Palette of Narmer

c. 2950

-makeup tray

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Old Kingdom (Ancient Egypt)

Great Pyramids of Giza

Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure

c. 2520-2494 BCE

- 3 pharaohs buried here

- 4th dynasty

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Reconstructed Drawing

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New Kingdom (ANCIENT EGYPT)

Great Temple of Amun

@ Karnak

c. 1579-1075

- Hypostyle hall

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New Kingdom

Temple of Hatshepsut

c. 1473-58 BCE

- Female queen/leader

- She claimed divine descent

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Amarna Period

Akhenaten, Nefertiri & 3 Daughters

c. 1353-36

- More curvy statues

- Pharaoh changed religion from polytheistic to Monotheistic

- ONE god = Ahten (sun god)

- Claimed to be god's priest

- Changed Capitol

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New Kingdom

Innermost Coffin of King Tutankhamun

c. 1332-1322

- Howard Carter found it in 1920

- Found in Valley of the Kings

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New Kingdom

Last Judgement of Hu-Nefer Before Osiris

19th Dynasty c. 1285

- Hu-Nefer was a high ranking scribe.

- Depicts all gods: Anubis, Tha, Horus, Osiris, Isis

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Mastaba

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Cycladic Art

Figure of a Woman

c. 2600-2400 BCE

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Minoan Art

Bull-Leaping @ Palace at Knosses

c. 1450

- Buon Fresco painting

- Acrobatic woman and man in painting

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Mycenaean Art

Tholos / "Treasury of Atreus"

c. 1300-1200 BCE

- CORBEL VAULT

- Arched in stones

- Creates space

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Buon Fresco

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Painting on plaster WHILE it's wet.

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Fresco Secco

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Painting on plaster while it's dry

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Repousse

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Technique of hammering/pushing metal from the back to create an image on front.

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Orientalizing Style

Olpe Pitcher

c. 650-625 BCE

- Depicts lions and Panthers

- More color

- More curvy-REALISTIC

- Still in registars

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Archaic Art

Temple of Hera 1

c.550 BCE Paestum, Italy

- More decoration on outside than inside

- Doric Order/Columns

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Archaic Art

Dying Warrior of WEST Pediment

c. 500-490 BCE

- At Temple of Aphaia

-ARCHAIC SMILE= sign oof life

- Soldier

- No sign of old age

- More Styalized

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Archaic Art

Dying Warrior of EAST Pediment

c. 490-480 BCE

- At Temple of Aphaia

- NO archaic smile

- Beard

- Has armory

- Looks more naturalistic while dying

- Shows more "feeling"

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Archaic Art

Kouros

c. 530 BCE

- Marble

- Life-size

- Young boy (ARCHAIC SMILE)

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Early Classical

Kritios Boy

c. 480 BCE

- Marble

- Contrapposto

- Not trying to show life

- More human-like

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HIGH CLASSICAL

Parthenon

c. 447-438 BCE

Athens, Greece

- Doric columns

- Paristyle columns all around

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HIGH CLASSICAL

Pediment Sculptures of Parthenon

- conflict because they are in British Museaum when belong in Athens, Greece

- Shows more drapery

- More dramatic

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HIGH CLASSICAL

Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

c. 450-440 BCE

- Original piece was in Bronze for Greeks

- Romans made this Marble Copy

- Musculature is a LOT better

- Has stump for support

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LATE CLASSICAL

Apoxymenos (Scraper)

artist: Lysippos

c. 330 BCE

-Roman copy, original was bronze not marble

- Has stump

- Good Anatomy

- Depicts NORMAL person instead of gods which is rare

- LYSIPPOS CHANGED BODY ANATOMY to 8 heads

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HELLENISTIC

Nike (Victory) of Samothrace

c. 180 BCE

- Missing head/arms/wings

- full of emotion and motion

- more drapery

- MORE DRAMA

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HELLENISTIC

Laocoon and His Sons

c. 1rst century

- Hagesandros, Polydoros, Athendoros of Rhodes

- Roman copy= DRAMATIC

STORY: Laocoon is a prophet and sees trojans are going to be taken over by Horse and want to warn them, but Poseidon send snakes to kill him and his sons.

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Terra Cotta

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a medium made from clay fired over a low heat and sometimes left unlglazed.

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Red Figure Vase Painting

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red colored figures on a black background.

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Black Figure Vase Painting

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black figures painted on red clay background.

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Contrapposto

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human figures with opposing alternations of tensions; shows sense of movement.

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Doric- Oldest; Most simple; Masculine form

Ionic- More feminine; Skinnier; Taller; Elegant

Corinthian- Leaf-like shapes in capitol; Most complex

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ETRUSCAN ART

Apollo from Veii

c. 510 BCE

- More movement/Contrapposto

- Face is more stylized

- Archaic smile

- Greek religion morphed into Etruscan religion

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ANCIENT ROME: Republican Period

Pont Du Gard

c. late 1rst century

- Bridge over river

- Makes water flow through

- Arches

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ANCIENT ROME: The Early Empire

Augustus of Primaporta

c. early 1rst century

- Portait of Octavia Augustus (FIRST EMPEROR OF ROME)

- a LOT of roman political value

- Idealized to look younger/athletic

- More "God Like" features

- Making statement that he is of divine descent= Venus

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WHAT STYLE PAINTING?

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1rst style Painting- simplistic, just blocks of color

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WHAT STYLE OF PAINTING IS THIS?

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2nd Style- more natural life

- Feeling of 3D space

- Usually will have signs of architecture

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WHAT STYLE PAINTING IS THIS?

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3rd style

- More about detail

- Not to look realistic but moreideal

- Illusionistic

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ANCIENT ROME: The Early Empire

Ixion Room

c. 60-50 BCE

- 4TH style painting

- Incorporates ALL styles

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ANCIENT ROME: The Early Empire

Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum)

c. 80-70 BCE

- All three orders are used

- Romans invented concrete

- could hold 50,000 people

- had shade

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ANCIENT ROME: The Early Empire

Pantheon

c. 118-128 AD

- BIGGEST dome in Ancient Rome

- Corynthian columns

- "Rotunda"

- Has a hole in center of dome

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Engaged Columns

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columns in structure

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Barrel Vault

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Groin Vault

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Rotunda

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Building constructed in a circular shape usually topped with a dome.

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Early Jewish Art

Ark of the Covenant and Menorahs

c. 3rd century Rome

- inside Jewish Catacomb in Rome

- Drawings in underground tunnels

- Fresco

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Early Christian Art

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

c. 359 AD

-2 registars

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Early Christian Art

Church of Santa Costanza

c. 350 AD

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Early Christian Art

The Good Shepherd

Oratory of Galla Placidia

c. 425-426 AD

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Synagogue

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the building where a Jewish assembly or congregation meets for religious worship and instruction

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Catacomb

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Underground cemetery for Jewish people

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Mosaic

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Image formed by arranging small pieces of glass or stone into a surface.

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Central Plan

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Early Byzantine Art

Church of Hagia Sophia

c. 532-537 AD

- MASSIVE DOME

- not much horizontal emphasis

- Made by, Justinian

- lacks solidity

- gold mosaics

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Late Byzantine Art

Crucifixion

c. late 11th century

- Gold background

- Mary and John beloved are shown

- Skull at bottom of his feet

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Late Byzantine Art

Cathedral of St. Mark

c. 1063

-gold theme

- multi dome

- St. Mark was one of the authors of new testament

- Many mosaics

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Penditives vs. Squinches

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pendentives = round under dome

squinches = square under dome

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Islamic Art

Dome of the Rock

-actual inside where is said:

1. Muhammed had his revelation

2. Abraham was going to sacrifice his son Ishmael

- Octogon shape

-Mosaics inside/out

- 2 ambulatories

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Islamic Art

Prayer Hall - The Great Mosque

c. 786-987 in Cordoba, Spain

-dome right next to the Mihrab

-still Minnurat

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Mihrab

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Wall facing Mecca

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Minbar

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Where leader climbs up to give serman/speech

-wooden staircase

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Qibla

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Mosque wall that faces Mecca

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"Barbarians"

Hinged Clas from Sutton Hoo Burial Ship

c. first halfof 7th century

- Intricate designs all over

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Early Christian Art of British Isles

Beginning of Matthew's Gospel
c. 715-720

- In Lindisfarne Gospel Book

- Done on Animal Skin paper

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Early Christian Art of British Isles

Chi Rho Iota Page

c. late 8th century

-Book of Kells

- completely engulfed in decoration/patterns

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Carolingians

Stave Church

c. 1125-1150 AD

- Borgund, Norway

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Carolingians

St. Matthew the Evangelist- Ebbo Gospels

c. Second quarter of 9th century

-more line, frantic, anxiety

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Ottonian Art

Doors of Bishop Bernward

c. 1015

- OLD vs. NEW TESTAMENT

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Four Evangelists

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Matthew

Mark

Luke

John

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Romanesque

Cathedral Complex of Pisa

c. 1153

- Has baptistry away from church

- Church is Basilica style

- Corynthian columns

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Romanesque

Speyer Cathedral

c. 1080

-cathedrals getting bigger

-VERTICAL EMPHASIS

- crossing dome

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Romanesque

Durham Cathedral

c. 1087-1133

-England, emphasizes horizontal-ness

- Groin Vault

- Crucifix floor plan

- Courtyard= where Harry Potter filmed

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Romanesque

Bayeux Embroidery- signal the appearance of Halley's Comet

c. 1066-1082

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Gothic Art- France

Cathedral of Notre-Dame

c. 1163

-emphasis on vertical

-flying butresses, rose window, twin towers, many arches

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Gothic Art- France

Chartres Cathedral

c. 1134

-golden ratio on rose window

-taller

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Gothic Art- France

Central Portal (West Facade) of Reims Cathedral

c. 1240

-LEFT TWO: Annunciation (mary/angel)

-RIGHT TWO: Visitation (mary/cousin elizabeth)

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Gothic Art- English

Salisbury Cathedral

c. 1120-1258

- Focus on not looking up but down

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Gothic Art- German

Ekkehard and Uta

c. 1245-260

- AT Naumburg Cathedral

- Portrait of the doners

- MUCH more realistic than other Gothic Art

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Gothic Art- Italian

Cathedral of Milan

c. 1386

- VERY unique

- Used 4 experts when they built it: French, German, English, etc.

- Rows of Pinnacles; Flying Buttresses

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Gothic Art- Italian

Pulpit

c. 1260

- very UNgothic

- Hellenistic/High Classical Greek Influence

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Lancet Window

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Window that comes to a point at the top