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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why are current methods of extracting metals expensive? |
There are lots of stages which require large amounts of energy. |
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How do you make cement? |
Heating limestone with clay. |
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What do particulates released from the incomplete combustion of fuels cause? |
Global Dimming |
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What is the Earth's structure? |
Crust Mantle Core |
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What are the advantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol? |
Carbon Neutral Renewable Cheap |
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What are the disadvantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol? |
Not continuous You cannot get a concentration of above 15% as the yeast will die. |
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What is the difference between cooking with vegetable oil and boiling? |
Food has a different taste, texture, cooks quicker and releases more energy. |
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What is the difference between an alkane and an alkene? |
Alkanes have a single bond between their carbons. This means they are saturated. |
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How do we produce vegetable oils? |
Crush then press the raw materials then distill the mixture to get rid of impurities. |
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What are the advantages of biofuels? |
Carbon Neutral Renewable Does produce SO2 |
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What are the disadvantages of biofuels? |
They increase food prices Take up land Require a large labour force Production is not continuous |
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How can limestone be used to clean fuel emissions? |
The calcium reacts with the sulphur to make calcium sulphate which could be used in plasterboard. |
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Why do atoms have no charge? |
They have an equal amount of protons and electrons. |
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What are the properties of polymers? |
Strong bonds between atoms, weak intermolecular forces therefore a low melting point. |
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Chemical equation for the thermal decomposition of limestone? |
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Chemical equation for calcium oxide plus water? |
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Why do we use aluminum for overhead wires instead of copper? |
It is cheaper to do so and aluminum is lighter. |
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Why don't we use cast iron for pylons? |
It is brittle and corrodes by rusting. |
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How do emulsifiers work? |
They have a hydrophobic end which dissolves in oil and a hydrophillic end that dissolves in water which joins the two together. |
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Why is scrap iron used to displace copper from its ore? |
It is more reactive than copper and cheap to obtain. |
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How do you harden vegetavle oils and what does this process do? |
You add hydrogen to them with a nickel catalyst at 60°C which increases their melting point making them solid at room temperature so they are more useful in things like spreads, cakes and pastries. It also makes them more saturated. |
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How do you separate liquids with different boiling points. |
Evaporate them(distillation) |
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How do you seperate hydrocarbons? |
Fractional distillation. |
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How do you calculate the mean with an anomalous result? |
Discount the anomaly in any calculation. |
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What is polymerisation? |
The joining together of monomers into one large molecule called a polymer. |
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Why was continental drift not accepted by scientists? |
Insufficient evidence. |
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What is the theory of continetal drift? |
The idea that Earth's landmasses where once joined together but seperated over millions of years as they were adrift on a liquid core. |
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What conditions are require for cracking? |
Immense heat and high pressure with no oxygen(this stops combustion) |
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What is cracking? |
A form of themal decomposition which breaks down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones. |
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How do you make concrete? |
Cement, sand and aggregates. |
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What are the advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel? |
Renewable Clean |
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What are the disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel? |
It is hard to store Flammable Expensive |
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What is an ore? |
Any rock which contains enough metal to make extraction viable. |
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How was carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere according to the early Earth theory? |
Dissolved in water Trapped in sediments Photosynthesised in green plants |
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What is the name for iron from a blast furnace? |
Cast iron |
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Why is cast iron so hard and brittle? |
It contains impurities. |
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What is the scientific name for the chemical reaction that happens when things burn? |
Combustion. |
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What three things are needed for something to burn? |
Fuel Oxygen Heat |
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As well as hydrogen and carbon, what element do fossil fuels often have? |
Sulphur |
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What harmful gas maybe formed instead of CO2 in incomplete combustion? |
Carbon monoxide. |
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What resource do we get ethene from? |
Crude oil. |
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What do emulsifiers do to a face cream? |
They improve the texture, coating ability and appearance of the cream. |
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The method used to dig a metal ore from the ground is called what? |
Mining |
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After an ore is mined what process removes the metal from its ore? |
Extraction |
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Certain metals like gold are found as pure metals, why? |
They are unreactive. |
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Limestone is quarried and used as a main material for making what substances? |
Cement Glass |
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What is the scientific term for breaking something down with heat? |
Thermal decomposition |
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How is limestone made? |
The remains of sea creatures |
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What are the downsides of quarrying? |
It destroys habitats It scar the land It is expensive |
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Why is calcium oxide stored in dry, argon conditions? |
It will react easily with water to form calcium hydroxide. |
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When thermally decomposing limestone, why would you get a higher yield than predicted? |
-The limestone might be impure so not a lot of CO2 will be produced. -You might not heat it to a high enough temperature so not a lot of CO2 will be given off as it won't fully decompose. |
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Some fruits and seeds are rich in vegetable oils. What other common food type is as well? |
Nuts |
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If foods are cooked in oil, what happens to their fat content? |
It increases. |
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Are food cooked in oils thought to be generally better or worse for our health? |
Worse. |
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For approximately how many years have the proportions of gases in the atmosphere been as they are today? |
200 million years |
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Name the process that formed the oceans from water vapour in earth's early atmosphere. |
Condensation |
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What sedimentary rock is made from the shells of dead sea creatures? |
Limestone |
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Biodegradable things are made from polymers and what else? |
Cornstarch. |
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Fabrics are often coated in plastics to make them what? |
Waterproof. |
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Who proposed the theory of continental drift? |
Wegener |
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What are the earth's crust and upper mantle cracked into? |
Tectonic plates |
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What causes tectonic plates to move? |
Convection currents in the earth's liquid mantle. |
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What polymer are most U.K shopping bags made from? |
Polyethene |
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A polymer that retains its original shape is called a what? |
Shape memory polymer. |
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What do you add to iron to make steel? |
Carbon |
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In a fractional distillation column, what process is caused by heating? |
Evaporation |
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At what temperature are vegetable oils hardened? |
60°C |
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When talking about alkanes, what does saturated mean? |
They contain the largest number of hydrogen atoms. |
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What two planets in our solar system do researchers think the early earth's atmosphere was similar to? |
Mars and Venus |
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Apart from plants, what other organisms photosynthesise? |
Algae |