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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Appendicular Skeleton
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-second division of the skeleton
-consists of all bones of the upper & lower extremities,the shoulder & pelvic girdles -126 bones in adults |
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Shoulder Girdles
(Appendicular Skeleton) |
Clavicles - 2 bones
Scapula (scapulae) - 2 bones |
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Upper Limbs
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Humerus (humeri) 2 bones
Ulna (ulnae) 2 bones Radius(radii) - 2 bones Carpals - 16 bones Metacarpals - 10 bones Phalanges(finger) 28 bones |
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Pelvic girdle
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Hip bones - 2
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Lower limbs
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Femur (Femora) - 2 bones
Tibias - 2 Fibula (fibulae) - 2 Patellapatellae)sesamoid bone - 2 Tarsals - 14 bones Metatarsals - 10 Phalanges - toes 28 bones |
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Sesamoid bones
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are a special type of small, oval-shaped bone found in the tendons (mostly near joints. 2 patellae largest sesamoid & sasamoid bones on the posterior base of first toe.
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What are the classification of bones?
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*Long Bones
*Short Bones *Flat Bones *Irregular bones |
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Long Bones
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*consist of a body & 2 ends or extremities.
*long bones are found only in the appendicular skeleton ex. humerus, radius, femur. |
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Compact Bone (Cortex)
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the outer shell of most bones is composed of hard or dense bone tissue or cortex meaning an external layer.
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Body (Shaft)
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contains a thicker layer of compact bone than the ends to help resist the stress of the weight placed on tem
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Cancellous bone (spongy bone)
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*highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow
*responsible for the production of red blood cells. |
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Medullary cavity
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*the body of a long bone is hollow
*hollow cavity contains fatty yellow marrow |
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Periosteum
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*a dense fibrous membrane w/c covers bone except ate the articulating surfaces
* is essential for bone growth, repair & nutrition. |
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Hyaline
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glassy or clear is a common type of cartilage or connecting tissue aka "gristle"
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Short Bones
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* are roughly cuboidal & are found only in the wrists & ankles.
ex. 8 carpal bones each wrist ex. 7 tarsal bones each foot |
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Flat Bones
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* consist of 2 plates of compact bone w/cancellous bone & marrow between tem.
ex. calvarium(skull cap) sternum, ribs, scapulae, pelvis |
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Diploe
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* narrow space between the inner & outer table of flat bones in the cranium.
* provide protection for interior contents & broad surfaces for muscle attachment. |
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Irregular Bones
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bones that have peculiar shapes
ex.vertebrae, facial bones, boned of the base of the cranium & bones of the pelvis |
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Ossification
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* process by w/c bones form in the body.
* the embryonic skeleton is composed of fibrous membranes & hyaline cartilage * begins about the sixth embryonic week & continues until adulthood. |
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Name 2 Bone Formation
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1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification |
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Primary Centers of Endochondral Ossification
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*diaphysis growing bones
*becomes body in a fully developed bone |
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Secondary Centers of Endochondral Ossification
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* epiphysis located at the ends of extremities of long bones
* epiphysis of the distal femur & proximal tibia |
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Epiphyseal plates
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* are found between the diaphysis and each epiphysis until growth is complete.
* full maturity @ 25 yrs old. |
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Arthrology (Joints)
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* the study of joints or articulations
* important that movement does not occur in all joints. * joints adapted for growth rather than for movement |
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Synarthrosis
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immovable joints
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Amphiarthrosis
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joint with limited movement
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Diarthrosis
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freely movable joints
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3 Types of tissue that separate the ends of bones
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1. Fibrous Joints
2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Synovial joints |
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Fibrous Joints
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- lack joint cavity
- held together by fibrous connective tissue |
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3 Types of Fibrous Joints
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1. Syndesmoses
2. Sutures 3. Gomphoses |
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Syndesmoses
(Fibrous Joints) |
- the only true syndesmosis joint in the body is the distal tibiofibular joint
- fibrous ligaments hold the distal tibia & fibula together at this joint - slightly movable or amphiarthrodial |
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Sutures
(Fibrous Joints) |
- are found between bones in the skull
- immovable or synarthrodial joints |
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Gomphoses
(Fibrous Joints) |
- a unique type of bibrous joint
- a conical process is inserted into a socketlike portion of bone -ex. roots of the teeth & alveoli of mandible and maxillae - little movemtn |
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Cartilaginous Joints
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-held tightly together by cartilage.
-joints are either synaarthrodial or amphiarthrodial |
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2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints
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Symphyses & Synchondroses
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Symphyses
(Cartilaginous Joint) |
-the presense of a broad flattened disk of fibrocartilage between 2 contiguous bony surfaces.
-amphiarthrodial (slightly movable) ex. intervertebral disk(between bodies of the vertebrae) & symphysis (between the 2 pubic bones) |
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Synchondroses
(Cartilaginous Joint) |
- temporary form of joint wherein the connecting hyaline cartilage
ex. epiphyseal plate) |
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Synovial Joints
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- freely movable joints, mostly upper & lower limbs
-diarthrodial (freely movable) -synovial fluid(lubricating fluid -hyaline articular cartilage(protetive covering) |
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Movement Types of Synovial Joints
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1. Plane (gliding) joints
2. Ginglymus (hinge) joints 3. Trochoid (pivot) joints 4. Ellipsoid(condyloid) joints 5.Sellar(saddle) joints 6. Spheroid(ball & socket) joints |
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1.Plane (gliding) joints
(Synovial Joints) |
- is a sliding/gliding motion between the articulating surfaces
ex. intermetacarpal,carpometacarpal, & intercarpal joints of the hnd & wrist. right & left lateral atlantoaxial joings between C1 & C2 vertebrae |
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2.Ginglymus (hinge) joints
(Synovial Joints) |
- flexion & extension movements only
ex. knee joint, elbow joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joints of both fingers & toes |
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3. Trochoid (pivot) joints
(Synovial Joints) |
-rotational movements around a single axis
ex. between the first & second cervical vertebrae |
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4. Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints
(Synovial Joints) |
-flexion & extension & abduction & adduction
-circumduction ex. 2nd-5th metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers, wrist joint & metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes. |
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5. Sellar (saddle) joints
(Synovial Joints) |
- ends of the bones are shaped concave-convex & position opposite each other.
- flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction ex. 1st carpometacarpal joint of the thumb |
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6. Spheroid (ball & socket) joints
(Synovial Joints) |
-greatest freedome of motion
-flexion,extension,abduction, adduction, circumduction & medial lateral position ex. hip joint & shoulder joint |
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4 Main Groups of the upper limb bones
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1. hand & wrist
2. forearm 3. arm(humerus) 4. shoulder girdle |
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4 Main Groups of the upper limb bones
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1. hand & wrist
2. forearm 3. arm(humerus) 4. shoulder girdle |
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Hand & Wrist
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-ea. hands/wrist has 27 bones
divided into: 1.phalanges(fingers&thumb) 14 2.metacarpals(palm) 5 3.carpals(wrist) 8 |
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Hand & Wrist
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-ea. hands/wrist has 27 bones
divided into: 1.phalanges(fingers&thumb) 14 2.metacarpals(palm) 5 3.carpals(wrist) 8 |
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Steve Scaphoid
Left Lunate The Triquetrum Party Pisiform To Trapezium Take Trapezoid Carol Capitate Home Hamate |
Navicular
Semilunar Triangular or cuneiform (none) Greater multangular Lesser multangular Os Magnum Unciform |
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Steve Scaphoid
Left Lunate The Triquetrum Party Pisiform To Trapezium Take Trapezoid Carol Capitate Home Hamate |
Navicular
Semilunar Triangular or cuneiform (none) Greater multangular Lesser multangular Os Magnum Unciform |