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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three Salivary Glands
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Parotid
Submandibular (submaxillary) Sublingual |
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Digestion in the mouth
Bolus is broken down by: |
Salivary amylase (for carbs)
Lingual Lipase (for tryglycerides) - diff than pancreatic lipase |
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Deglutination (swallowing)
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Voluntary Stage (initiation)
Pharyngeal Stage (involuntary) Esophageal Stage (involuntary) ** 1st stage ALWAYS voluntary |
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Esophagus
muscle components |
upper 1/3 skeletal muscle
lower 2/3 smooth muscle |
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Stomach
Anatomy (4) |
Cardia
Fundus Body Pylorus |
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3 phases of stimulation of gastric secretions
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Cephalic (reflex)-peristalsis is stimulated
Gastric- " " " Intestinal-motility is inhibited |
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Stomach Absorptions
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Impermeable to most substances EXCEPT:
- water; -certain electolytes, - drugs (aspirin); - alcohol |
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What stimulates stomach Motility?
(2) |
1. parasympathetic activity
2. local distention |
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What inhibits stomach motility?
(2) |
1. Low pH of stomach contents inhibit release of gastrin.
2. Feedback from duodenal overload. |
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Pancreas
Islets of Langerhaus |
secrete hormones
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Pancreatic Juice contains enzymes (4)
that break down 1. protein, 2. Carbohydrates, 3. Fat |
1. Pancreatic Amylase
2. Chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidase 3. Pancreatic lipase 4. Ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease |
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What do ea of the following Pancreatic Juices break down?
1. Pancreatic amylase; 2. Chymotrypsin & carboxypeptidase; 2. Pancreatic Lipase; |
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins 3. Fat |
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What causes the pancreas to release the pancreatic juices? (amylases, lipase's, proteases)?
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CCK, released from the duodenum, in response to partially digested materials
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What causes the pancreas to release fluid high in HCO3?
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SECRETIN, released from the duodenum, in response to acid entering from the stomach
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Liver Anatomy
(3) |
1. Rt & Lt. Lobes
2. Caudate and quadrate Lobes 3. Falciform Ligament |
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Types of Liver Cells and Function (2)
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1. Hepatocytes-produce bile
2. Kupffer's cells-hapatic macrophages |
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What is stored in gallbladder and used to emulsify dietary lipids?
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bile
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Functions of liver:
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1. synthesis of bile salts*
2. storage of vitamins* 3. activation of Vit D* 4. CHO, Prot & lIpid metabolism 5. Removal of drugs & hormones 6. Excretion of bilirubin |
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Gallbladder Functions (2)
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1. Stores & concentrates bile.
2. CCK stimulates ejection of bile from gallbladder. |
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Bile funtionality
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cholesterol synthesizes bile acids, wh then are conjugated into bile salts which concentrate and form MICELLES
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MICELLE
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Formed from concentrated bile salts. These are water soluble spheres with a lipid soluble interior.
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Function of Micelle
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they provide a vehicle to transport lipid soluble materials in the aqueous medium of the bile fluid and the sm intestine
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Micelle Function
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vital in digestion, transport & the absorption of lipid soluble substances from the duodenum to the distal ileum
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What happens to bile salts in the DISTAL ILEUM?
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They are actively reabsorbed and recycled
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What is insoluble in water but solubilized by bile salt micelles?
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Phospholipids
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Small Intestine is made up of: (3)
and extends from: |
1. duodenum
2. jejunem 3. Ileum *pyloric sphincter to ileocecal sphincter |
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Physiology of digestion in the SI
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CHO->maltose->glucose
Sucrose->glucose+fructose Lactose->glucose+galactose |
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Physiology of Absorption in the SI
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Read in notes on p. 17
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Tryglycerides break into
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monoglycerides and FA's , req'd for absorption
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Triglyceride breakdown
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<-pancreatic lipases
Triglyceride <- bile Micelles v 2 monoglycerides and FA;s |
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CHO Digestion
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Salivary amylase begins process of breakdown, pancreatic amylase continues process in SI mostly in duodenum. Monosaccharide end products: glucos, galactose and fructos are absorbed in SI.
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Proteins
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Pepsin begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach. In the SI, digestion contiues w/ the pancreatic proteases wh are req'd enzymes. End product is AA's & very small peptides
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SECRETIN
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released in duodenum, due to acid in the duodenum. Causes Pancreas to secrete HCO3 to neutralize the acid.
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CCK
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1. released in duodenum, DUE TO Fat in duod.
2.causes stomach secretion of pepsinogen from Chief Cells 3.Causes pancreatic enzyme secretions (amylase, lipases and proteases. 4. causes bile to be ejected from gall bladder. |
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Digestive product of fats taken up by the MICELLES in the intestinal lumen
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FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
A,D,E, AND K |
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Anatomy of Large Intestine
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Extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus.
Subdivisions are the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. |
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Absorption & Feces Formation in the LI
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The LI absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins. Feces consist of water, inorganic salts, epithelial cells, bacteria and undigested foods
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Functions in ileum
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Its function is mainly to absorb IF, vitamin B12 and bile salts
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Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE |
ulcers that dev in areas of GI expose to gastric juce; most in pylorus or first part of duodeum (duod. ulcers). Less occur in stomach (gastric ulcers)
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Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System
CIRRHOSIS |
Distorted or scarred liver. Result of chronic inflammation
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Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System
HEPATITIS |
inflammation of liver caused by viruses, drugs and chemicals, including alcohol.
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Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System
GALLSTONES |
biliary calculy; stem from fusion of crystals of CHOLESTEROL in BILE.
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Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System
ANOREXIA NERVOSA |
self-induced weight loss;
neg perception of body image |
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Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances of Digestive System
BULEMIA |
typically affects single, middle-class, young, white females
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Hep. A (HAV)
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-"Infectious" HAV
-Piconarvirus, naked, capsid RNA -Fecal Oral Transmission |
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Hep B (HBV)
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-"Serum" HBV
-Hepadnavirus, Enveloped DNA |
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Hep C (HCV)
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-"Post transfusion Non A Non B"
-High Carrier State/Chronicity |
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Hep D (HDV)
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-"Delta"
-Severity: CO-INFECTION w. HBV |
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Hep E (HEV)
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-"Enteric"
-Fecal Oral Tranmission -Mortality 20% in pregnant patients |
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Fecal-Oral Hepatitis
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HAV, HEV
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Prental, sexual transmited Hepatitis
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HBV, HCV, HDV, HGV
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