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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anterior Pituitary Gland is also called: |
Adenohypophysis |
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Posterior Pituitary Gland is called: |
Neurohypophysis |
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What hormones are secreted by the Posterior Pituitary Gland? |
ADH and Oxytocin |
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What hormones are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland? |
TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, LH & PRL |
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What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones? |
It is the Control Center |
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What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones? |
It is the Control Center |
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Pituitary Gland |
Master Gland |
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What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones? |
It is the Control Center |
|
Pituitary Gland |
Master Gland |
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Thyroid Gland |
T3 and T4 are secreted by this Gland; it controls metabolism |
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What is the Hypothalamus relating to the hormones? |
It is the Control Center |
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Pituitary Gland |
Master Gland |
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Thyroid Gland |
T3 and T4 are secreted by this Gland; it controls metabolism |
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Parathyroid Gland |
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) is secreted by this Gland, regulares Calcium and Phosphate (increases plasma calcium; exerts a phosphaturic effect) Causes muscle contraction. |
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Endocrine Glands secrete the chemical substances called... |
Hormones |
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Endocrine Glands are ductless glands |
They secrete hormones directly into the blood and not into ducts. |
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What is a hormone? |
A hormone is a chemical messenger that influences or controls the activities of other tissues or organs. |
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What are chemically hormones classified as? |
Either proteins or steroids. |
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What does each hormone binds to a specific tissue called? |
It’s target tissue or organ. |
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What are two types of hormone receptors? |
The two types of receptors are those located on the outer surface of the cell membrane (membrane receptors) and those located within the cell (intercellular receptors). |
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How do hormones recognize their target tissues? |
The hormone and it’s receptor can be compared with a lock and key mechanism. Ex (A part of the hormone (key) fits into its receptor (lock) on the target. Unless the match is perfect the hormone cannot lock into and stimulate the receptor. |
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What are the three mechanisms that control the secretion of hormones? |
Feedback control loops, biorhythms, and control by the central nervous system. |
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When do life threatening complications develop? |
When the glands hypersecrete or hyposecrete hormones. |
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When do life threatening complications develop? |
When the glands hypersecrete or hyposecrete hormones. |
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How does the adrenal cortex, a steroid secreting Gland know when it has secreted enough steroid? |
Through a negative feed back control loop. |
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The mineralocorticoid called the salt retaining hormone? |
Aldosterone |
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Growth hormone is also called |
Somatotropin Hormone |
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Growth hormone (GH) |
Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting |
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Growth hormone (GH) |
Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting |
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Prolactin |
Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone |
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Growth hormone (GH) |
Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting |
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Prolactin |
Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
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Growth hormone (GH) |
Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting |
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone |
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol |
|
Growth hormone (GH) |
Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting |
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone |
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol |
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Gonadotropic hormones Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Stimulates the development of ova and sperm Causes ovulation in women; stimulates secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men |
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Growth hormone (GH) |
Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting |
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone |
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol |
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Gonadotropic hormones Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Stimulates the development of ova and sperm Causes ovulation in women; stimulates secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys; also constricts blood vessels |
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Growth hormone (GH) |
Stimulates the growth of all tissues and organs, especially bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle; stimulates the transport of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting |
|
Prolactin |
Stimulates the breast to develop; maintains milk production after birth; also called lactogenic hormone |
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) |
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol |
|
Gonadotropic hormones Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
Stimulates the development of ova and sperm Causes ovulation in women; stimulates secretion of progesterone in women and testosterone in men |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys; also constricts blood vessels |
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Oxytocin |
Contracts uterine muscle during labor; releases milk from the mammary glands during breast feeding (milk let down reflex) |
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Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) |
Triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4 or thyroxine) secreted by the thyroid gland; control metabolic rate and regulate physical and neurologic growth and development |
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Calcitonin |
Secreted by the thyroid gland; regulates calcium and phosphate ( decreases plasma levels of calcium and phosphate) |
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Calcitonin |
Secreted by the thyroid gland; regulates calcium and phosphate ( decreases plasma levels of calcium and phosphate) |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
Secreted by the parathyroid glands; regulates calcium and phosphate (increases plasma calcium; exerts a phosphaturic effect) |
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Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine |
Secreted by the adrenal medulla Stimulate the fight or flight response; epinephrine increases blood glucose |
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1. Steroids 2. Cortisol 3. Aldosterone 4. Sex hormones |
1. Secreted by the adrenal cortex. 2. Glucocorticoid that helps regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism; is part of the stress response. Cortisol increases blood glucose. 3. Mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete potassium; helps regulate extracellular fluids and electrolytes (especially Na+ and K+) 4. The androgens (especially testosterone) help develop the secondary sex characteristics in the female and male. |
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Insulin |
Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans; help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; lowers blood glucose levels. |
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1. Steroids 2. Cortisol 3. Aldosterone 4. Sex hormones |
1. Secreted by the adrenal cortex. 2. Glucocorticoid that helps regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism; is part of the stress response. Cortisol increases blood glucose. 3. Mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and excrete potassium; helps regulate extracellular fluids and electrolytes (especially Na+ and K+) 4. The androgens (especially testosterone) help develop the secondary sex characteristics in the female and male. |
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Insulin |
Secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans; help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats; lowers blood glucose levels. |
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Glucagon |
Secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans; increases blood glucose levels |
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Estrogens and Progesterone |
Secreted by the ovaries; stimulate the development of the ova (eggs) and development of secondary sex characteristics in the female. Promote conditions necessary for pregnancy. |
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Testosterone |
Secreted primarily by the testes; chief male androgen; stimulates development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male |
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Testosterone |
Secreted primarily by the testes; chief male androgen; stimulates development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male |
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Thymosins |
Stimulates maturation of the T lymphocytes; secreted by the thymus Gland |
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Testosterone |
Secreted primarily by the testes; chief male androgen; stimulates development of sperm and secondary sex characteristics in the male |
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Thymosins |
Stimulates maturation of the T lymphocytes; secreted by the thymus Gland |
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Melatonin |
Secreted by the pineal gland; helps set the biorhythms and participated in the sleep wake cycle. |
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Gonadotropic |
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes. |
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Gonadotropic |
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes. |
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Glycemia |
Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood. |
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Gonadotropic |
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes. |
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Glycemia |
Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood. |
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Normoglycemia |
Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Gonadotropic |
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes. |
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Glycemia |
Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood. |
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Normoglycemia |
Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Hyperglycemia |
An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Gonadotropic |
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes. |
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Glycemia |
Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood. |
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Normoglycemia |
Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Hyperglycemia |
An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Hypoglycemia |
A decrease in the amount of glucose in the blood |
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Gonadotropic |
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes. |
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Glycemia |
Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood. |
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Normoglycemia |
Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Hyperglycemia |
An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Hypoglycemia |
A decrease in the amount of glucose in the blood |
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Cushing’s Syndrome |
The syndrome is an expression of altered carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. |
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Gonadotropic |
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) target the gonads, the ovaries and the testes. |
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Glycemia |
Refers to the presence of glucose in the blood. |
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Normoglycemia |
Refers to the normal amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Hyperglycemia |
An increase in the amount of glucose in the blood. |
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Hypoglycemia |
A decrease in the amount of glucose in the blood |
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Cushing’s Syndrome |
The syndrome is an expression of altered carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. |
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What is an Adrenal Cortical insufficiency called? |
Addison’s disease |
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Hormones |
A. Classification of hormones 1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood. 2. Hormones are classified as proteins (protein-related substances) and steroids. |
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Hormones |
A. Classification of hormones 1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the blood. 2. Hormones are classified as proteins (protein-related substances) and steroids. |
|
B. Hormone Receptors |
1. Hormones are aimed at receptors of target organs. 2. Receptors are located on the outer surface of the membrane or inside the cell. 3. Hormone secretion is controlled by three mechanisms : control, biorhythms and control by the central nervous system. |
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What is the name of a condition of a person who hypersecretes GH as a child? |
Acromegaly |
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GH deficiency in childhood causes what condition? |
Dwarfism |
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What is another name for Prolactin (PRL)? |
Lactogenic Hormone |
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What condition develops when an infant is born with no thyroid gland? |
Cretinism. An infant with cretinism fails to develop both physically and mentally. The child will be short and stocky with abnormal skeletal development and signs of severe developmental delay. |
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Graves Disease |
A hyperthyroid state characterized by bulging eyes a condition called exophthalmia. The eyes bulge forward because the eyeballs forward in the eye socket. |
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What is Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine classified as? |
Catecholamines. They are secreted in emergency or stress situations. |
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Catecholamines help the body respond to stress by causing the following effects: |
Elevating blood pressure Increasing heart rate Converting glycogen to glucose in the liver, thereby making more glucose available to the cells Increasing metabolic rate of most cells, thereby providing more energy Causing bronchodilation (opening up the breathing passages) to increase the flow of air into the lungs Changing blood flow patterns causing dilation of blood vessels to the heart and muscles and construction of the blood vessels to the digestive tract |
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What are 3 steroids the adrenal cortex secretes? |
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid and Sex Hormones. |
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What are 3 steroids the adrenal cortex secretes? |
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid and Sex Hormones. |
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Adrenal cortical hormones |
Are essential for life. If the adrenal cortex is removed or its function list death will occur unless steroids are readministered |
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Glucosuria or Glycosuria |
Glucose in the urine |
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Glucosuria or Glycosuria |
Glucose in the urine |
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Polyuria |
Excretion of a large volume of urine |
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Polydipsia |
Excessive thirst |
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Polydipsia |
Excessive thirst |
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Polyphagia |
Excessive eating |
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Polydipsia |
Excessive thirst |
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Polyphagia |
Excessive eating |
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Acidosis |
An excess of H+ in the blood causes acidosis. |
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What are the Gonads? |
Sex glands and refer to the ovaries in the female and testes in the male |
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Where is the thymus gland located and what hormones does it secrete? |
It lies in the thoracic cavity behind the sternum. It secreted hormones called thymosins which play a role in the immune system. |
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Pineda Gland |
A cone shaped gland located closed to the thalamus in the brain. It has been called the body’s biological clock controlling many of its biorhythms. |
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Blood performs three general functions |
Transport, regulation and protection |
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The average adult has |
4 to 6 L of blood |
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Normal Blood PH |
7.35 to 7.45 |
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What does blood viscosity refers to: |
The thickness of the blood and affects the ease with which blood flows through the blood vessels |
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Blood is composed of two parts: |
The plasma and the formed elements ( blood cells and cell fragments) |
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Blood is composed of two parts: |
The plasma and the formed elements ( blood cells and cell fragments) |
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Plasma: |
A pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water; it also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and waste. |
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Blood is composed of two parts: |
The plasma and the formed elements ( blood cells and cell fragments) |
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Plasma: |
A pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water; it also contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gases and waste. |
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Albumin |
The plasma proteins consists of albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins. |
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What does the plasma protein help with? |
Help regulate fluid volume, protect the body from pathogens and prevent excessive blood loss in the event of injury. |
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Serum |
Is the plasma minus the clotting proteins. |
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Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) |
Primarily involved in the transport of O2 to all body tissues. |
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Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) |
Primarily involved in the transport of O2 to all body tissues. |
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White blood cells (leukocytes) |
Protect the body from infection |
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Platelets (thrombocytes) |
Platelets protect the body from bleeding |
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Hematocrit |
Is the percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood. |
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Hemopoiesis |
The process of blood cell formation |
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What are 2 types of hemopoietic tissue in the adult? |
Red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue |
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Blood formation in the red bone marrow is called |
Myeloid hemopoiesis |
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Blood formation in the lympathic tissue is called |
Lymphoid hemopoiesis |
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Bone marrow depression is called |
Myelosuppression |
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Depressed bone marrow leads to a severe deficiency of RBCs causing a serious form of anemia called |
Aplastic anemia |
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Leukopenia |
A deficiency in white blood cells (leukocytes) |
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Thrombocytopenia |
Inadequate numbers of platelets or thrombocytes |
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What is thrombocytopenic person at risk for? |
Abnormal bouts of bleeding or hemorrhage |
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A hyperactive bone marrow or overactivity and excess production of blood cells is known as |
Polycythemia Vera |
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Erythropoiesis |
The production of RBCs |
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Reticulocyte |
The immature RBC |
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Reticulocyte |
The immature RBC |
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Why is it important to measure the reticulocyte count? |
A high reticulocyte count may indicate blood loss or an iron deficient state. |
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Sickle cell disease |
Decreased oxygenation and cell death occur |
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Anisocytosis |
Refers to an unequal sized RBCs |
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Anisocytosis |
Refers to an unequal sized RBCs |
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Poikilocytosis |
Refers to irregularity shaped RBCs. |